A Meta-analytic Study on Executive Function Performance in Children/Adolescents with OCD

Abramovitch, A., & Cooperman, A. (2015). The cognitive neuropsychology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A critical review. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 5, 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2015.01.002

Abramovitch, A., Abramowitz, J. S., & Mittelman, A. (2013). The neuropsychology of adult obsessive–compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(8), 1163-1171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.09.004

Abramovitch, A., Abramowitz, J. S., Mittelman, A., Stark, A., Ramsey, K., & Geller, D. A. (2015). Research review: Neuropsychological test performance in pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder a meta-analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(8), 837-847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.09.004

Abramovitch, A., McCormack, B., Brunner, D., Johnson, M., & Wofford, N. (2019). The impact of symptom severity on cognitive function in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 67, 36-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.09.003

Abramovitch, A., Mittelman, A., Tankersley, A. P., Abramowitz, J. S., & Schweiger, A. (2015). Neuropsychological investigations in obsessive- compulsive disorder: A systematic review of methodological challenges. Psychiatry Research, 228(1), 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.04.025

American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.

*Andrés, S., Boget, T., Lázaro, L., Penadés, R., Morer, A., Salamero, M., & Castro-Fornieles, J. (2006). Neuropsychological performance in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder and influence of clinical variables. Biological Psychiatry, 61(8), 946-951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.07.0272006.07.027

*Andrés, S., Lázaro, L., Salamero, M., Boget, T., Penadés, R., & Castro-Fornieles, J. (2008). Changes in cognitive dysfunction in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder after treatment. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42(6), 507-514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.04.0042007.04.004

*Barua, D., Singh, S., Agarwal, D.V., Arya, A., & Barua, N. (2020). Executive functions, metacognitive beliefs, and thought control strategies in adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder. IJRAR-International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 7(1), 672-680.

*Batistuzzo, M. C., Balardin, J. B., Martin, M. D. G. M., Hoexter, M. Q., Bernardes, E. T., Borcato, S., Souza, M.M., Querido C. N., Morais R. M., Alvarenga, P. G., Lopes, A. C., Shavitt, R. G., Savage, C.R., Amaro, E., Miguel, E.C., Polanczyk., G. V.,& Miotto, E. C. (2015). Reduced prefrontal activation in pediatric patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder during verbal episodic memory encoding. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(10), 849-858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2015.06.0202015.06.020

*Baykal, S., Karabekiroğlu, K., Şenses, A., Karakurt, M. N., Çalik, T., & Yüce, M. (2014). Neuropsychological and clinical profiles of children and adolescents diagnosed with childhood obsessive compulsive disorder. Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi, 51(4), 334. https://doi.org/10.5152/npa.2014.6862

Bechara, A., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. (2000). Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 10(3), 295-307. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/10.3.295

*Beers, S. R., Rosenberg, D. R., Dick, E. L., Williams, T., O’Hearn, K. M., Birmaher, B., & Ryan, C. M. (1999). Neuropsychological study of frontal lobe function in psychotropic-naive children with obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(5), 777-779. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.156.5.777156.5.777

Borenstein, M. J., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. (2014). Comprehensive Meta-analysis Vers. 3.3 [Computer program]. Biostat, Inc.

Borenstein, M., & Hedges, L.V. (2019). Effect sizes for meta-analysis. In H. Cooper, L.V. Hedges, & J.C. Valentine (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis 3rd ed. (pp. 207-243). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Botella, J., & Sánchez-Meca, J. (2015). Meta-análisis en ciencias sociales y de la salud. Madrid: Síntesis [Meta-analysis in social and health sciences]

Bragdon, L. B., Gibb, B. E., & Coles, M. E. (2018). Does neuropsychological performance in OCD relate to different symptoms? A meta-analysis comparing the symmetry and obsessing dimensions. Depression and Anxiety, 35(8), 761-774. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22785

Canals, J., Hernández-Martínez, C., Cosi, S., & Voltas, N. (2012). The epidemiology of obsessive–compulsive disorder in Spanish school children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(7), 746-752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.06.003

Carlson, S. M., & Wang, T. S. (2007). Inhibitory control and emotion regulation in preschool children. Cognitive Development, 22(4), 489-510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2007.08.002

*Carrasco, M., Harbin, S. M., Nienhuis, J. K., Fitzgerald, K. D., Gehring, W. J., & Hanna, G. L. (2013). Increased error related brain activity in youth with obsessive compulsive disorder and unaffected siblings. Depression and Anxiety, 30(1), 39-46. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.2203522035

Chevalier, N., & Blaye, A. (2008). Cognitive flexibility in preschoolers: The role of representation activation and maintenance. Developmental Science, 11(3), 339-353. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00679.x

Cohen, N. J., McCloskey, M., & Wible, C. G. (1988). There is still no case for a flashbulb-memory mechanism: Reply to Schmidt and Bohannon. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117, 336-338. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.117.3.336

Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135-168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750

Eagle, D. M., Bari, A., & Robbins, T. W. (2008). The neuropsychopharmacology of action inhibition: Cross-species translation of the stop-signal and go/no-go tasks. Psychopharmacology, 199(3), 439-456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-008-1127-6

*Erhan, C., Bulut, G. Ç., Gökçe, S., Ozbas, D., Turkakin, E., Dursun, O. B., & Balci F. (2017). Disrupted latent decision processes in medication-free pediatric OCD patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 32-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.0112016.09.011

*Geller, D. A., Abramovitch, A., Mittelman, A., Stark, A., Ramsey, K., Cooperman, A., & Stewart, S. E. (2017). Neurocognitive function in paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 19(2), 142-151.

https://doi.org/10.1080/15622975.2017.128217315622975.2017.1282173

*Hanna, G. L., Carrasco, M., Harbin, S. M., Nienhuis, J. K., LaRosa, C. E., Chen, P., & Gehring, W. J. (2013). Error-related negativity and tic history in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(9), 902-910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.06.0192012.06.019

*Hanna, G. L., Liu, Y., Isaacs, Y. E., Ayoub, A. M., Torres, J. J., O’Hara, N. B., & Gehring, W. J. (2016). Withdrawn/depressed behaviors and error-related brain activity in youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(10), 906-913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.06.0122016.06.012

Harvey, P. O., Le Bastard, G., Pochon, J. B., Levy, R., Allilaire, J. F., Dubois, B. E. E. A., & Fossati, P. (2004). Executive functions and updating of the contents of working memory in unipolar depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 38(6), 567-576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.03.003

Higgins, J. P., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. British Medical Journal, 327(7414), 557-560. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557

*Hybel, K. A., Mortensen, E. L., Lambek, R., Thastum, M., & Thomsen, P. H. (2017). Cool and hot aspects of executive function in childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45(6), 1195–1205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0229-6

*Kodaira, M., Iwadare, Y., Ushijima, H., Oiji, A., Kato, M., Sugiyama, N., Sasayama, D., Usami, M., Watanabe, K., & Saito, K. (2012). Poor performance on the Iowa gambling task in children with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Annals of General Psychiatry 11(25). https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-859X-11-2511-25

Miyake, A., & Friedman, N. P. (2012). The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions: Four general conclusions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(1), 8-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411429458

Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & Prisma Group. (2009). Reprint preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Physical Therapy, 89(9), 873-880. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/89.9.873

*Negreiros, J., Belschner, L., Best, J. R., Lin, S., Franco Yamin, D., Joffres, Y., Selles, R.R., Jaspers-Fayer, F., Miller, L. D., Woodward, T. S., Honer, W.G., & Stewart, S. E. (2019). Neurocognitive risk markers in pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(5), 605-613. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13153ll

*Ornstein, T. J., Arnold, P., Manassis, K., Mendlowitz, S., & Schachar, R. (2010). Neuropsychological performance in childhood OCD: A preliminary study. Depression and Anxiety, 27(4), 372-380. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.2063820638

*Ota, T., Iida, J., Sawada, M., Suehiro, Y., Yamamuro, K., Matsuura, H., Tanaka, S., Kishimoto, N., Negoro, H., & Kishimoto, T. (2013). Reduced prefrontal hemodynamic response in pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 44(2), 265–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-012-0323-010578-012-0323-0

Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J., Akl, E., Brennan, S., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M., Li, M., Loder, E., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S… & Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 10(89). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-021-01626-4

Rosa-Alcázar, Á., Olivares-Olivares, P. J., Martínez-Esparza, I. C., Parada-Navas, J. L., Rosa-Alcázar, A. I., & Olivares-Rodríguez, J. (2020). Cognitive flexibility and response inhibition in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 20(1), 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2019.07.006

Rothstein, H. R., Sutton, A. J., & Borenstein, M. (Eds.) (2005). Publication bias in meta-analysis: Prevention, assessment and adjustments. Chichester, England: Wiley.

*Rubia, K., Cubillo, A., Smith, A. B., Woolley, J., Heyman, I., & Brammer, M. J. (2010). Disorder specific dysfunction in right inferior prefrontal cortex during two inhibition tasks in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder compared to boys with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Human Brain Mapping, 31(2), 287-299. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.2086420864

*Shin, M. S., Choi, H., Kim, H., Hwang, J. W., Kim, B. N., & Cho, S. C. (2008). A study of neuropsychological deficit in children with obsessive-compulsive disorder. European Psychiatry, 23(7), 512-520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.03.0102008.03.010

Shin, N. Y., Lee, T. Y., Kim, E., & Kwon, J. S. (2014). Cognitive functioning in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 44(6), 1121-1130. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713001803

Snyder, H. R., Kaiser, R. H., Warren, S. L., & Heller, W. (2015). Obsessive-compulsive disorder is associated with broad impairments in executive function: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychological Science, 3(2), 301-330 https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702614534210

Soprano, A. M. (2003). Evaluación de las funciones ejecutivas en el niño. Revista de Neurología, 37(1), 44-50.

Subirà, M., Cano Català, M., Wit, S. J. D., Alonso Ortega, M. D. P., Cardoner, N., Hoexter, M. Q., & Brain Imaging Consortium (2016). Structural covariance of neostriatal and limbic regions in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 41(2), 115-123. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.150012

*Taner, Y. I., Bakar, E. E., & Oner, O. (2011). Impaired executive functions in paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder patients. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 23(6), 272-28 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00562.

Teubner-Rhodes, S., Vaden Jr, K. I., Dubno, J. R., & Eckert, M. A. (2017). Cognitive persistence: Development and validation of a novel measure from the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Neuropsychologia, 102, 95-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.05.027

Tsukiura, T., Fujii, T., Takahashi, T., Xiao, R., Inase, M., Iijima, T., & Okuda, J. (2001). Neuroanatomical discrimination between manipulating and maintaining processes involved in verbal working memory; a functional MRI study. Cognitive Brain Research, 11(1), 13-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6410(00)00059-8

Waters, A. M., & Farrell, L. J. (2014). Response inhibition to emotional faces in childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 3(1), 65-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.12.004

Wolff, N., Buse, J., Tost, J., Roessner, V., & Beste, C. (2017). Modulations of cognitive flexibility in obsessive compulsive disorder reflect dysfunctions of perceptual categorization. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(8), 939-949. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12733

*Woolley, J., Heyman, I., Brammer, M., Frampton, I., McGuire, P. K., & Rubia, K. (2008). Brain activation in paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder during tasks of inhibitory control. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 192(1), 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.036558107.036558