Eficacia de Programas Multicomponentes de Actividad Física y Nutrición sobre la Capacidad Laboral, el Bienestar Laboral y la Calidad de Vida en Trabajadores: Una Revisión Sistemática
Resumen
Alimentarse de manera saludable y realizar ejercicio físico regularmente no solo mejora la salud, sino que también contribuye al bienestar, la satisfacción y el rendimiento en el entorno laboral. Estas prácticas contribuyen a aumentar los niveles de energía, reducir el estrés y fortalecer la capacidad de concentración, lo que mejora el desempeño y la calidad de vida en el trabajo. Sin embargo, aunque las intervenciones que combinan actividad física y nutrición han demostrado beneficios, aún existe la necesidad de comprender mejor su impacto específico en la calidad de vida, bienestar laboral y capacidad laboral. Por ello, el objetivo de esta revisión fue analizar la efectividad de las intervenciones en la mejora de estos aspectos en los trabajadores. Se realizó una revisión sistemática siguiendo la Declaración PRISMA, empleando cuatro bases de datos: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus y PsycINFO. Adicionalmente, se efectuó una búsqueda específica en revistas especializadas en psicología y deporte, incluyendo Frontiers in Psychology, Sustainability, Psych, Revista de Psicología Aplicada al Deporte y el Ejercicio Físico, E-balonmano.com y Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte. Se incluyeron ensayos controlados aleatorizados en contextos laborales que ofrecieran resultados de bienestar, calidad y capacidad en trabajadores, publicados entre 2000 y 2024, evaluados con cuestionarios validados y en cualquier idioma. La calidad se evaluó mediante la escala de la Base de Datos de Evidencia en Fisioterapia (PEDro) y la herramienta de evaluación crítica Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) para ensayos controlados aleatorizados. El protocolo se registró previamente en PRÓSPERO con la identificación CRD420543858. Se incluyeron quince estudios. La calidad media fue de 6.2 sobre 10 en la escala PEDro o moderada según la escala JBI. Todas las intervenciones realizadas en el entorno laboral incluían la nutrición y la actividad física, junto con otros componentes, como charlas de educación para la salud y estrategias para la mejora del sueño. Se obtuvieron mejoras estadísticamente significativas en el 83.3 % de los estudios que evaluaron la capacidad laboral (5 de 6), en el 60 % de los estudios que analizaron el bienestar laboral (6 de 10) y en el 44.4 % de los estudios que midieron la calidad de vida (4 de 9). Sin embargo, solo el 33.3 % de los estudios (5 de 15) evaluaron estos aspectos como su objetivo principal, mientras que el resto los consideraron objetivos secundarios. El entorno laboral es óptimo para intervenciones de salud dirigidas a mejorar la capacidad, el bienestar laboral y la calidad de vida de los trabajadores. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios de alta calidad y metodologías estandarizadas que prioricen la evaluación del bienestar y la calidad de vida laboral desde un enfoque integral, incluyendo aspectos físicos como psicosociales, además de la participación de especialistas en cada área
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