Effectiveness of Multicomponent Physical Activity and Nutrition Programs on Work Capacity, Work Well-being, and Quality of Life in Workers: A Systematic Review
Abstract
Eating healthy and exercising regularly not only improves health, but also contributes to well-being, satisfaction and performance in the work environment. These practices help to increase energy levels, reduce stress and strengthen the ability to concentrate, which improves performance and quality of life at work. However, although interventions that combine physical activity and nutrition have demonstrated benefits, there is still a need to better understand their specific impact on quality of life, occupational well-being and work capacity. Therefore, the aim of this review was to analyze the effectiveness of interventions in improving these aspects in workers. A systematic review was performed following the PRISMA Statement, using four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and PsycINFO. In addition, a specific search was carried out in journals specialized in psychology and sport, including Frontiers in Psychology, Sustainability, Psych, Revista de Psicología Aplicada al Deporte y el Ejercicio Físico, E-balonmano.com and Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte. We included randomized controlled trials in work contexts that provided well-being, quality and capacity outcomes in workers, published between 2000 and 2024, assessed with validated questionnaires and in any language. Quality was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool for randomized controlled trials. The protocol was previously registered in PRÓSPERO with the identification CRD420543858.Fifteen studies were included. The mean quality was 6.2 out of 10 on the PEDro scale or moderate according to the JBI scale. All interventions conducted in the work setting included nutrition and physical activity, along with other components such as health education talks and sleep improvement strategies. Statistically significant improvements were obtained in 83.3% of the studies assessing work capacity (5 of 6), 60% of the studies looking at work well-being (6 of 10) and 44.4% of the studies measuring quality of life (4 of 9). However, only 33.3% of the studies (5 out of 15) evaluated these aspects as their main objective, while the rest considered them as secondary objectives. The work environment is optimal for health interventions aimed at improving workers' capacity, well-being and quality of life. However, more high quality studies and standardized methodologies are needed that prioritize the evaluation of well-being and quality of work life from an integral approach, including physical and psychosocial aspects, in addition to the participation of specialists in each area.
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