The Roles of Spiritual Well-being and Tolerance of Uncertainty in Prediction of Happiness in Elderly

Authors

  • Siamak Khodarahimi Eghlid Branch, Islamic Azad University
  • Ezatolah Ghadampour Lorestan University
  • Amir Karami Lorestan University
DOI: https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.446871
Keywords: Spirituality well-being, Uncertainty tolerance, Happiness, Sex, Elderly

Abstract

Background: According to spirituality well-being, ambiguity intolerance, and happiness conceptualizations, this study was purposed to investigate the influences of spiritual well-being and uncertainty tolerance on happiness with regards to the moderating roles of sex in the elderly. Method: Participants included 120 elders from Shiraz City, Fars province, Iran. A demographic questionnaire, the Spiritual Well-Being Inventory (SWBI), the Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale-II (MSTAT–II), and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHI) were used for data collection. Results: Findings showed that spirituality well-being and uncertainty intolerance explain 60% of happiness variation in the elderly. But results rejected the role of sex on the prediction of happiness in the present study. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the predictive roles of spiritual well-being and ambiguity tolerance on happiness in the field of gerontology.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
Metrics
Views/Downloads
  • Abstract
    1655
  • pdf
    1294

Author Biographies

Siamak Khodarahimi, Eghlid Branch, Islamic Azad University

Eghlid Branch, Islamic Azad University

Amir Karami , Lorestan University

Lorestan University

References

Adib-Hajbaghery, M., & Faraji, M. (2015). Comparison of happiness and spiritual well-being among the community dwelling elderly and those who lived in sanitariums. International journal of community-based nursing and midwifery, 3(3), 216-26.

Anderson, E.C., Carleton, R. N., Diefenbach, M., & Han, P. K. J. (2019). The relationship between uncertainty and affect. Frontiers in Psychology, 10 (2504), 1-17. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02504.

Argyle, M. (1987). The psychology of happiness. New York, NY, US: Methuen.

Argyle, M., & Hills, P. (2000). Religious experiences and their relations with happiness and personality. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10(3), 157–172.

Basevitz, P., Pushkar, D., Chaikelson, J., Conway, M., & Dalton, C. (2008). Age-related differences in worry and related processes. International journal of aging & human development, 66, 283-305. 10.2190/AG.66.4.b.

Boonroungrut, C., & Worakul, P. (2009). Spiritual well-being and happiness in the elderly at Ban Bang Khae Social Welfare Development Center., Thailand. Journal of Religious and Culture, 2, 153-166.

Brooke, V. (1987). The spiritual well-being of the elderly. Geriatric Nursing, 8(4), 194-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0197-4572(87)80222-7

Bryman, A., & Duncan, C. (2011). Quantitative data analysis with IBM SPSS 17, 18 and 19: A guide for social scientists. New York: Routledge.

Bucks, R. S., Garner, M., Tarrant, L., Bradley, B. P., & Mogg, K. (2008). Interpretation of emotionally ambiguous faces in older adults. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 63(6), P337-343.

Buhr, K., & Dugas, M.J. (2009). The role of fear of anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty in worry: An experimental manipulation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 215–223.

Dagerman, K. S., Macdonald, M. C., & Harm, M. W. (2006). Aging and the use of context in ambiguity resolution: complex changes from simple slowing. Cognitive Science, 30(2), 311-345. doi: 10.1207/s15516709cog0000_46

Dehshiri, G., Najafi, M., Sohrabi, F., & Traghikhah, S. (2012). Development and validation of spiritual wee-being inventory in students. Psychological Studies (Motaleat-e-Ravanshenakhti), 4(9), 73-98. http://psychstudies.alzahra.ac.ir/article_1759_b1b06a85df7a882ad9b426aef071de21.pdf

de Guzman, A. B., Lacao, R. A., & Larracas, C. (2015). A Structural Equation Modelling on the Factors Affecting Intolerance of Uncertainty and Worry Among a Select Group of Filipino Elderly. Educational Gerontology, 41(2), 106-119. doi: 10.1080/03601277.2014.918837

Diener, E. (2006). Guidelines for national indicators of subjective well-being and ill-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7, 397–404.

Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542–575.

Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276–302.

Delgado, C. (2005). A Discussion of the Concept of Spirituality. Nursing Science Quarterly, 18(2), 157-162. doi: 10.1177/0894318405274828

Dugas, M.J., Freeston, M.H., & Ladouceur, R. (1997). The intolerance of uncertainty scale: Psychometric properties of the English version. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21, 593–606.

Fisher, J. W. (2000). Being human and becoming whole: Understanding spiritual health and well-being. Journal of Christian Education, 43(3), 37-52.

Fisher, J.W. (1998). Spiritual health: Its nature, and place in the school curriculum. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Fisher, J.W., Francis, L.J., & Johnson, P. (2000). Assessing spiritual health via four domains of spiritual well-being: The SH4DI. Pastoral Psychology, 49(2), 133-145.

Hillen, M. A., Gutheil, C. M., Strout, T. D., Smets, E. M. A., & Han, P. K. J. (2017). Tolerance of uncertainty: Conceptual analysis, integrative model, and implications for healthcare. Social Science & Medicine, 180, 62-75. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.024

Jackson,D., Doyle,C., Capon, H., & Pringle, E. (2016). Spirituality, spiritual need, and spiritual care in aged care: What the literature says. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 28(4), 281-295. doi: 10.1080/15528030.2016.1193097.

Gomez, R. & Fisher, J.W. (2003). Domains of spiritual well-being and development and validation of the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(8),1975-1991. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00045-X.

Griffin, M. T., Lee, Y. H., Salman, A., Seo, Y., Marin, P. A., Starling, R. C., & Fitzpatrick, J. J. (2007). Spirituality and well-being among elders: differences between elders with heart failure and those without heart failure. Clinical interventions in aging, 2(4), 669–675. doi:10.2147/cia.s874.

Jafari, N., & Loghmani, A., & Puchalski, C.M. (2014). Spirituality and health care in Iran: Time to Reconsider. Journal of Religion and Health, 53(6), 918–922. 10.1007/s10943-014-9887-2.

Hori, M., & Kamo, Y. (2018). Gender differences in happiness: The effects of marriage, social roles, and social support in East Asia. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 13(4), 839–857. doi: 10.1007/s11482-017-9559-y.

Kachmaryk, K., Grabovska, S., Ostrovska, K., & Syniev, V. (2014). Tolerance for uncertainty in elderly people. Journal of Education Culture and Society, 1, 20-27. 10.15503/jecs20141-20-27.

Authors. (2014). The role of gender on positive psychology constructs in a sample of Iranian adolescents and young adults. Applied Research in Quality Life, 9(1), 45-61. doi: 10.1007/s11482-013-9212-3.

Authors. (2011). Happiness and worry in an Iranian adolescent and young adults sample. International Journal of Psychology and Counselling, 3(4),71-78.

Authors. (2011). Birth order, family size, and positive psychological constructs: What role do they play for Iranian adolescents and young adults? The Journal of Individual Psychology, 67(1), 41-56.

King, M., Speck, P., & Thomas, A. (2001). The royal free interview for spiritual and religious beliefs: Development and validation of a self-report version. Psychological Medicine, 31, 1015–1023.

Kirby, SE., Coleman, P.G., & Daley, D. (2004). Spirituality and Well-Being in Frail and Nonfrail Older Adults, The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, Volume 59, Issue 3, 1 P123–P129, https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/59.3.P123

Koenig, H., Zaben, F., & Khalifa, D. (2012). Religion, spirituality and mental health in the West and the Middle East. Asian journal of psychiatry, 5, 180-2. 10.1016/j.ajp.2012.04.004.

Kumar, A., & Dixit, V. (2017). Altruism, happiness and health among elderly people. Indian Journal of Gerontology, 31(4),480-496.

Laubmeier, K.K., Zakowski, S.G., & Bair, J.P. (2004).The role of spirituality in the psychological adjustment to cancer: a test of the transactional model of stress and coping. International Journal of Behavioral Medicoine, 11(1), 48–55.

Lavretsky, H. (2010). Spirituality and aging. Aging Health, 6, 749-769. https://doi.org/10.2217/ahe.10.70

Luchesi, B. M., de Oliveira, N. A., de Morais, D., de Paula Pessoa, R. M., Pavarini, S. C. I., & Chagas, M. H. N. (2018). Factors associated with happiness in the elderly persons living in the community. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 74, 83-87. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2017.10.006

Mclain, David. (2009). Evidence of the properties of an ambiguity tolerance measure: The Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale-II (MSTAT-II) 1. Psychological reports, 105, 975-88. 10.2466/PR0.105.3.975-988.

Mosca, O., Lauriola, M., & Carleton, R. N. (2016). Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Temporary Experimental Induction Procedure. PloS one, 11(6), e0155130. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155130

Nuevo, R., Wetherell, J. L., Montorio, I., Ruiz, M. A., & Cabrera, I. (2009). Knowledge about aging and worry in older adults: testing the mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty. Aging & mental health, 13(1), 135-41. doi:10.1080/13607860802591088

O'Connell, K. A., & Skevington, S. M. (2010). Spiritual, religious, and personal beliefs are important and distinctive to assessing quality of life in health: A comparison of theoretical models. British Journal of Health Psychology, 15(4), 729 -748. doi: 10.1348/135910709X479799

Perinotti-Molinatti, J. (2005). The significance of sirituality in the elderly. A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of Argosy University/Sarasota, Boca Raton, Florida.

Piderman, K. M., Lapid, M. I., Stevens, S. R., Ryan, S. M., Somers, K. J., Kronberg, M. T., Clark, M.M., & Rummans, T. A. (2011). Spiritual well-being and spiritual practices in elderly depressed psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling, 65(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/154230501106500103

Rosenthal, R., Roow, R.L., Rubin, D.B. (2000). Contrasts and effect sizes in behavioral research: A correlational approach. New York: Cambridge University.

Rosmarin, D. H., Pirutinsky, S., Auerbach, R. P., Bjorgvinsson, T., Bigda-Peyton, J., Andersson, G., . . . Krumrei, E. J. (2011). Incorporating spiritual beliefs into a cognitive model of worry. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(7), 691-700. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20798

Scortegagna, H. d. M., Pichler, N. A., & Fáccio, L. F. (2018). The experience of spirituality among institutionalized elderly people. Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia, 21, 293-300.

Sproten, A., Diener, C., Fiebach, C., Schwieren, C. (2010). Aging and decision making: How aging affects decisions under uncertainty. Discussion Paper Series, 508, 1-22.

Sumngern, C., Azeredo, Z., Subgranon, R., Sungvorawongphana, N., & Matos, E. (2010). Happiness among the elderly in communities: A study in senior clubs of Chonburi Province, Thailand. Japanese Journal of Nursing Sciences, 7(1), 47-54. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7924.2010.00139.x

Tanovic, E., Gee, D., & Joormann, J. (2018). Intolerance of uncertainty: Neural and psychophysiological correlates of the perception of uncertainty as threatening. Clinical Psychology Review, 60, 87-99. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.01.001

Tymula, F., Belmaker, L. A. R., Ruderman, L., Glimcher, P. W., and Levy, I. (2014). Like cognitive function, decision making across the life span shows profound age-related changes. PNAS, 110 (42), 17143–17148, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1309909110.

Veenhoven, Ruut. (2009). 3. How do we assess how happy we are? Tenets, implications and tenability of three theories. Happiness, economics and politics: towards a multi-disciplinary approach. In A.K. Dutt and B. Radcliff, B. (eds.) ‘Happiness, Economics and Politics: Towards a multi-disciplinary approach’, pp45-69; Edward Elger Publishers: Cheltenham UK.

Veenhoven, R. (2012). Happiness: Also Known as “Life Satisfaction” and “Subjective Well-Being”. In K. C. Land, A. C. Michalos & M. J. Sirgy (Eds.), Handbook of Social Indicators and Quality of Life Research (pp. 63-77). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

Velasco-Gonzalez, L., & Rioux, L. (2014). The spiritual well-being of elderly people: a study of a French sample. Journal of Religion & Health, 53(4), 1123-1137. doi: 10.1007/s10943-013-9710-5.

Vosloo, C., Wissing, M.P., & Temane, Q.M. (2009). Gender, spirituality and psychological well-being. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 19(2), 153-159. doi: 10.1080/14330237.2009.10820274.

Weathers, E. (2018). Spirituality and Health: A Middle Eastern Perspective. Religions, 9(2), 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9020033

Wilson VanVoorhis, C. R., & Morgan, B.L. (2007).Understanding power and rules of thumb for determining sample sizes. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 3(2), 43-50. doi: 10.20982/tqmp.03.2.p043.

Zhaleh, K., Ghonsooly, B., & Pishghadam, R. (2018). Effects of conceptions of intelligence and ambiguity tolerance on teacher burnout: A case of Iranian EFL teachers. Journal of Research in Applied Linguistics, 9(2), 118-140.

Zimmer, Z., Jagger, C., Chiu, C. T., Ofstedal, M. B., Rojo, F., & Saito, Y. (2016). Spirituality, religiosity, aging and health in global perspective: A review. SSM Population Health, 2, 373-381. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.04.009

Published
25-04-2021
How to Cite
Khodarahimi, S. ., Ghadampour, E., & Karami , . A. . (2021). The Roles of Spiritual Well-being and Tolerance of Uncertainty in Prediction of Happiness in Elderly. Anales De Psicología Annals of Psychology, 37(2), 371–377. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.446871
Issue
Section
Psychology of the elderly

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.