Determinantes Psicológicos e a Prática de Exercício em Clubes de Exercício e Ginásios: Uma Revisão Sistemática na População Adulta
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Resumo
Nas últimas duas décadas, diversos relatórios, estudos empíricos e construções teóricas têm chamado a atenção como relevantes para compreender as persistes altas taxas de abandono e a baixa participação nos health clubs e ginásios (HCG). Neste contexto, o principal objetivo desta revisão sistemática da literatura é identificar os determinantes psicológicos que tendem a influenciar o comprometimento sustentado com a prática de exercícios nos HCG. O processo de revisão envolveu a busca em três bases de dados (PubMed, SPORTDiscus e Web of Science), seguindo as diretrizes PRISMA. Inicialmente, foram identificados 6362 registos potencialmente relevantes nas bases de dados eletrónicas, dos quais 380 artigos foram validados pelo título. Após uma análise cuidadosa, foi possível selecionar 49 estudos, dos quais 16 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Adicionalmente, 2 estudos foram incluídos através da análise das referências bibliográficas, totalizando 18 estudos que foram submetidos a uma análise qualitativa. Os resultados sugerem que a motivação autónoma, especialmente a motivação intrínseca, estavam positivamente associados à adesão e persistência em programas de exercícios. Além disso, foram identificados motivos individuais (intrínsecos vs. extrínsecos), hábito de exercício, intenção, prazer e a resposta afetiva como determinantes psicológicos potencialmente relevantes que tendem a influenciar a persistência no exercício. Dada a alta heterogeneidade dos estudos, métodos e variáveis estudadas, é necessária cautela ao interpretar esses resultados. Atualmente, não há evidências suficientes para propor adequadamente um foco forte para pesquisas futuras sobre os determinantes detetados, e abordagens experimentais e operacionais baseadas em evidências são necessárias para entender como promover a adesão em HCG.
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