Determinantes Psicológicos de la Práctica de Ejercicio en Clubes de Salud y Gimnasios: Una Revisión Sistemática en la Población Adulta
Agencias de apoyo
- No es un estudio financiado por ninguna entidad pública o privada
Resumen
En las últimas dos décadas, varios informes, estudios empíricos y construcciones teóricas han llamado la atención como relevantes para comprender las persistentes altas tasas de abandono y la baja participación en los health clubs y gimnasios (HCG). En este contexto, el objetivo principal de esta revisión sistemática de la literatura es identificar los determinantes psicológicos que tienden a influir en el compromiso sostenido con la práctica de ejercicios en los HCG. El proceso de revisión involucró la búsqueda en tres bases de datos (PubMed, SPORTDiscus y Web of Science), siguiendo las pautas PRISMA. Inicialmente, se identificaron 6362 registros potencialmente relevantes en las bases de datos electrónicas, de los cuales 380 artículos fueron validados por el título. Después de un análisis cuidadoso, fue posible seleccionar 49 estudios, de los cuales 16 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Además, se incluyeron 2 estudios mediante el análisis de las referencias bibliográficas, totalizando 18 estudios que fueron sometidos a un análisis cualitativo. Los resultados sugieren que la motivación autónoma, especialmente la motivación intrínseca, estaba positivamente asociada con la adherencia y persistencia en programas de ejercicios. Además, se identificaron motivos individuales (intrínsecos vs. extrínsecos), hábito de ejercicio, intención, disfrute y la respuesta afectiva como determinantes psicológicos potencialmente relevantes que tienden a influir en la persistencia en el ejercicio. Dada la alta heterogeneidad de los estudios, métodos y variables estudiadas, se requiere precaución al interpretar estos resultados. Actualmente, hay evidencia insuficiente para proponer adecuadamente un enfoque sólido para futuras investigaciones sobre los determinantes detectados, y se necesitan enfoques más experimentales, operativos y basados en evidencia para comprender cómo promover la adherencia en HCG.
Descargas
Citas
American College of Sports Medicine (2021). ACSM´s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Andrade, A. J., Ekkekakis, P., Evmenenko, A., Monteiro, D., Rodrigues, F., Cid, L., & Teixeira, D. S. (2022). Affective Responses to Resistance Exercise: Toward a Consensus on the Timing of Assessments. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 62, 102223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102223
Andrade, A. J., Bastos, V., & Teixeira, D. S. (2023). The Nostrum to Exercise: How Self-Selected and Imposed Exercise Intensity Prescription Relates to Affective, Cognitive, and Behavioral Outcomes - A Systematic Review Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 24(1), 119–153. https://doi.org/10.6018/cpd.569371
Bauman, A. E., Sallis, J. F., Dzewaltowski, D. A., & Owen, N. (2002). Toward a Better Understanding of the Influences on Physical Activity: The Role of Determinants, Correlates, Causal Variables, Mediators, Moderators, and Confounders. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 23(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00469-5
Beshears, J., Lee, H. N., Milkman, K. L., Mislavsky, R., & Wisdom, J. (2021). Creating Exercise Habits Using Incentives: The trade-off Between Flexibility and Routinization. Management Science, 67(7), 4139–4171. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2020.3706
Biddle, S. J. H., Gorely, T., Faulkner, G., & Mutrie, N. (2023). Psychology of Physical Activity: A 30-year Reflection on Correlates, Barriers, and Theory. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2022.2147261
Buckworth, J., Dishman, R. K., O’Connor, P., & Tomporowski, P. J. (2013). Exercise Psychology (2nd edition). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781492595502
Buscombe, R. M., & Inskip, H. (2013). Affective Change as a Function of Exercise Intensity in a Group Aerobics Class. Journal of Exercise Science and Fitness, 11(1), 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2013.04.001
Cid, L., Silva C., & Alves. J. (2007). Actividade Física e Bem-Estar Psicológico - Perfil dos Participantes no Programa de Exercício e Saúde de Rio Maior. Motricidade, 3(2), 47-55. https://doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.3(2).674
Cortis, C., Puggina, A., Pesce, C., Aleksovska, K., Buck, C., Burns, C., Cardon, G., Carlin, A., Simon, C., Ciarapica, D., Condello, G., Coppinger, T., D’Haese, S., de Craemer, M., Di Blasio, A., Hansen, S., Iacoviello, L., Issartel, J., Izzicupo, P., … Boccia, S. (2017). Psychological Determinants of Physical Activity Across the Life Course: A ‘Determinants of Diet and Physical Activity’ (DEDIPAC) Umbrella Systematic Literature Review. PLoS One, 12(8), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182709
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior. Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7_2
Ednie, A., & Stibor, M. (2017). Influence and Interpretation of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Exercise Motives. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 12(2), 414–425. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2017.122.18
Ekkekakis, P., Parfitt, G., & Petruzzello, S. J. (2011). The Pleasure and Displeasure People Feel When They Exercise at Different Intensities: Decennial Update and Progress Towards a Tripartite Rationale for Exercise Intensity Prescription. Sports Medicine, 41(8), 641–671. https://doi.org/10.2165/11590680-000000000-00000
European Commission. (2022). Special Eurobarometer 525 report – Sport and Physical Activity. https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2668.
Faria, J., Andrade, A. J., Evmenenko, A., Monteiro, D., Rodrigues, F., Cid, L., & Teixeira, D. S (2021). Preference for and Tolerance of Exercise Intensity: The Mediating Role of Vitality in Exercise Habit. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 52(5), 468–478. https://doi.org/10.7352/IJSP.2021.52.468
Feil, K., Allion, S., Weyland, S., & Jekauc, D. (2021). A Systematic Review Examining the Relationship Between Habit and Physical Activity Behavior in Longitudinal Studies. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 626750. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.626750
Gardner, B., Lally, P., & Rebar, A. L. (2020). Does Habit Weaken the Relationship Between Intention and Behaviour? Revisiting the Habit‐Intention Interaction Hypothesis. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 14(8). https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12553
Gjestvang, C., Abrahamsen, F., Stensrud, T., & Haakstad, L. A. H. (2021). What Makes Individuals Stick to Their Exercise Regime? A One-Year Follow-Up Study Among Novice Exercisers in a Fitness Club Setting. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 638928. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.638928
Hagger, M. S. (2020). Redefining Habits and Linking Habits With Other Implicit Processes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 46, 101606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101606
Hayes A. F. (2012). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. New York: The Guilford Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203809556-10
Higgins, J. P. T., Altman, D. G., Gøtzsche, P. C., Jüni, P., Moher, D., Oxman, A. D., Savović, J., Schulz, K. F., Weeks, L., & Sterne, J. A. C. (2011). The Cochrane Collaboration’s Tool for Assessing the Risk of Bias in Randomized Trials. BMJ (Online), 343(7829), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5928
International Health Racquet & Sport Club Association (2020). The 2020 IHRSA Global Report: The State of the Health Club Industry.https://www.ihrsa.org/publications/the-2021-ihrsa-global-report/
Jackson, D. (2010). How Personal Trainers can use Self-Efficacy Theory to Enhance Exercise Behavior in Beginning Exercisers. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 32(3), 67–71. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e3181d81c10
Jekauc, D., Völkle, M., Wagner, M. O., Mess, F., Reiner, M., & Renner, B. (2015). Prediction of Attendance at Fitness Center: A Comparison Between the Theory of Planned Behavior, the Social Cognitive Theory, and the Physical Activity Maintenance Theory. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(121), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00121
Johnson, J. A. H. J., & Hipps, L. I. K. P. (2006). Preferred Method of Selecting Exercise Intensity in Adult Women. 20(2), 446-449. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-17935.1
Kaushal, N., & Rhodes, R. E. (2015). Exercise Habit Formation in new Gym Members: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 38(4), 652–663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-015-9640-7
Kopp, P. M., Senner, V., Kehr, H. M., & Gröpel, P. (2020). Achievement Motive, Autonomous Motivation, and Attendance at Fitness Center: A Longitudinal Prospective Study. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 51, 101758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101758
Louw, A. J., Van Biljon, A., & Mugandani, S. C. (2012). Exercise Motivation and Barriers Among Men and Women of Different Age Groups. In Recreation and Dance 18(4).
Lugones-Sanchez, C., Crutzen, R., Recio-Rodriguez, J. I., & Garcia-Ortiz, L. (2021). Establishing the Relevance of Psychological Determinants Regarding Physical Activity in People With Overweight and Obesity. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology: IJCHP, 21(3), 100250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2021.100250
Maclntosh, E., & Law, B. (2015). Should I Stay or Should I go? Exploring the Decision to Join, Maintain, or Cancel a Fitness Membership. Managing Sport and Leisure, 20(3), 191–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2015.1025093
Marques, P., Andrade, A. J., Evmenenko, A., Monteiro, D., Faria, J., Rodrigues, F., Cid, L., & Teixeira, D. S. (2022). The Preference for and Tolerance of Exercise Intensity: An Exploratory Analysis of Intensity Discrepancy in Health Clubs Settings. Current Psychology, 42(24), 20629–20637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03149-0
McAuley, E., Elavsky, S., Jerome, G. J., Konopack, J. F., & Marquez, D. X. (2005). Physical Activity-Related Well-Being in Older Adults: Social Cognitive Influences. Psychology and Aging, 20(2), 295–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.20.2.295
Middelkamp, J., Van Rooijen, M., & Steenbergen, B. (2016). Attendance Behavior of Ex-Members in Fitness clubs: A Retrospective Study Applying the Stages of Change. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 122(1), 350–359. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512516631075
Murphy, S. L., & Eaves, D. L. (2016). Exercising for the Pleasure and for the Pain of it: The Implications of Different Forms of Hedonistic Thinking in Theories of Physical Activity Behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 843. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00843
Ooms, L., Veenhof, C., Schipper-van Veldhoven, N., & de Bakker, D. H. (2015). Sporting Programs for Inactive Population Groups: Factors Influencing Implementation in the Organized Sports Setting. BMC Sports Science, Medicine & Rehabilitation, 7(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-015-0007-8
Pedragosa, V., Biscaia, R., & Correia, A. (2015). The Role of Emotions on Consumers’ Satisfaction Within the Fitness Context. Motriz. Revista de Educação Física, 21(2), 116–124. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-65742015000200002
Pereira, H. V., Teixeira, D. S., & Sousa, A. (2022). “No Pain, no Gain”: Receita para o Sucesso ou Fracasso na Promoção da Atividade Física? In CIDEFES, ULHT. Mitos vs. Factos no Desporto, Educação Física, Exercício e Saúde (CIDEFES, ULHT).
Rand, M., Goyder, E., Norman, P., & Womack, R. (2020). Why do New Members Stop Attending Health and Fitness Venues? The Importance of Developing Frequent and Stable Attendance Behaviour. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 51, 1011771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101771
Rand, M., Norman, P., & Goyder, E. (2020). A Systematic Review of Interventions to Increase Attendance at Health and Fitness Venues: Identifying Key Behavior Change Techniques. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1-13.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09898-6
Radel, R., Pelletier, L., Pjevac, D., & Cheval, B. (2017). The Links Between Self-Determined Motivations and Behavioral Automaticity in a Variety of Real-Life Behaviors. Motivation and Emotion, 41(4), 443–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-017-9618-6
Rhodes, R. E., & Kates, A. (2015). Can the Affective Response to Exercise Predict Future Motives and Physical Activity Behavior? A Systematic Review of Published Evidence. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 49(5), 715–731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-015-9704-5
Rhodes, R. E., Janssen, I., Bredin, S. S. D., Warburton, D. E. R., & Bauman, A. (2017). Physical activity: Health Impact, Prevalence, Correlates, and Interventions. Psychology and Health, 32(8), 942–975. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2017.1325486
Rhodes, R. E., Cox, A., & Sayar, R. (2022). What Predicts the Physical Activity Intention-Behavior Gap A Systematic Review. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 56(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaab044
Rodgers, W. M., & Brawley, L. R. (2016). The Role of Outcome Expectancies in Participation Motivation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(4), 411–427. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.13.4.411
Rodrigues, F., Teixeira, D. S., Cid, L., Machado, S., & Monteiro, D. (2019). The Role of Dark-Side of Motivation and Intention to Continue in Exercise: A Self-Determination Theory Approach. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 60(6), 585–595. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12582
Rodrigues, F., Teixeira, D. S., Neiva, H. P., Cid, L., & Monteiro, D. (2020a). The Bright and Dark Sides of Motivation as Predictors of Enjoyment, Intention, and Exercise Persistence. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 30(4), 787–800. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13617
Rodrigues, F., Teixeira, R., & Monteiro, L. (2020b). Analysis of the Exercise Behavior in Gym Exercisers Across Two Years. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 21(1),282-292. https://doi.org/10.6018/cpd.433261
Rodrigues, F., Monteiro, D., Teixeira, D., & Cid, L. (2020c). Fitness Instructors Role on Exercise Adherence in Portugal: The Importance of Need-Supportive Behaviors and Motivational Climates. Motricidade, 16(4), 420–431. https://doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.21120
Rodrigues, F., Pelletier, L. G., Rocchi, M., Neiva, H. P., Teixeira, D. S., Cid, L., Silva, L., & Monteiro, D. (2021). Trainer-Exerciser Relationship: The Congruency Effect on Exerciser Psychological Needs Using Response Surface Analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 31(1), 226–241. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13825
Rodrigues, F., Jacinto, M., Antunes R., Monteiro D., & Teixeira, D. S. (2023). Physical Exercise and Vitality: Multigroup Analysis According to Sex and Practice Experience. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 23(3). https://doi.org/10.6018/cpd.554901
Sperandei, S., Vieira, M. C., & Reis, A. C. (2016). Adherence to Physical Activity in an Unsupervised Setting: Explanatory Variables for High Attrition Rates Among Fitness Center Members. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 19(11), 916–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2015.12.522
Tappe, K., Tarves, E., Oltarzewski, J., & Frum, D. (2013). Habit Formation Among Regular Exercisers at Fitness Centers: An Exploratory Study. In Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 10(4), 607-613. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.10.4.607
Teixeira, P. J., Carraça, E. V., Markland, D., Silva, M. N., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Exercise, Physical Activity, and Self-Determination Theory: A Systematic Review. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9, 78. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-9-78
Teixeira, D. S., & Palmeira, A. L. (2016). Needs Satisfaction Effect on Exercise Emotional Response: A Serial Mediation Analysis With Motivational Regulations and Exercise Intensity. Motriz. Revista de Educação Física, 22(4), 368–375. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-6574201600040023
Teixeira, D. S., Rodrigues, F., Machado, S., Cid, L., & Monteiro, D. (2021). Did You Enjoy It? The Role of Intensity-Trait Preference/Tolerance in Basic Psychological Needs and Exercise Enjoyment. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 682480. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.682480
Teixeira, D. S., Rodrigues, F., Cid, L., & Monteiro, D. (2022). Enjoyment as a Predictor of Exercise Habit, Intention to Continue Exercising, and Exercise Frequency: The Intensity Traits Discrepancy Moderation Role. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 780059. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.780059
Teixeira, D. S., Ekkekakis, P., Andrade, A., Rodrigues, F., Evmenenko, A., Faria, J., Marques, P., Cid, L., & Monteiro, D. (2023). Preference for and Tolerance of the Intensity of Exercise Questionnaire (PRETIE-Q): Validity, Reliability and Gender Invariance in Portuguese Health Club Exercisers. Current Psychology, 42(5), 4119–4132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01718-3
Teixeira, D. S., Ekkekakis, P., Andrade, A. J., Bastos, V., & Palmeira, A. L. (2023). Exploring the Impact of Individualized Pleasure-Oriented Exercise Sessions in a Health Club Setting: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 67, 102424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102424
Warburton, D. E. R., & Bredin, S. S. D. (2017). Health Benefits of Physical Activity: A Systematic Review of Current Systematic Reviews. Current Opinion in Cardiology, 32(5), 541–556. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000000437
Wayment, H. A., & McDonald, R. L. (2017). Sharing a Personal Trainer: Personal and Social Benefits of Individualized, Small-Group Training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(11), 3137–3145. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001764
Webber, K. H., Tate, D. F., Ward, D. S., & Bowling, J. M. (2010). Motivation and Its Relationship to Adherence to Self-monitoring and Weight Loss in a 16-week Internet Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 42(3), 161–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2009.03.001
Weman-Josefsson, K., Lindwall, M., & Ivarsson, A. (2015). Need Satisfaction, Motivational Regulations and Exercise: Moderation and Mediation Effects. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0226-0
Weyland, S., Finne, E., Krell-Roesch, J., & Jekauc, D. (2020). (How) Does Affect Influence the Formation of Habits in Exercise? Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.578108
Zenko, Z., O’Brien, J. D., Berman, C. J., & Ariely, D. (2017). Comparison of Affect-Regulated, Self-Regulated, and Heart-Rate Regulated Exercise Prescriptions: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 32, 124–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.06.010
Las obras que se publican en esta revista están sujetas a los siguientes términos:
1. El Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia (la editorial) conserva los derechos patrimoniales (copyright) de las obras publicadas, y favorece y permite la reutilización de las mismas bajo la licencia de uso indicada en el punto 2.
2. Las obras se publican en la edición electrónica de la revista bajo una licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 3.0 España (texto legal). Se pueden copiar, usar, difundir, transmitir y exponer públicamente, siempre que: i) se cite la autoría y la fuente original de su publicación (revista, editorial y URL de la obra); ii) no se usen para fines comerciales; iii) se mencione la existencia y especificaciones de esta licencia de uso.
3. Condiciones de auto-archivo. Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir electrónicamente las versiones pre-print (versión antes de ser evaluada) y/o post-print (versión evaluada y aceptada para su publicación) de sus obras antes de su publicación, ya que favorece su circulación y difusión más temprana y con ello un posible aumento en su citación y alcance entre la comunidad académica. Color RoMEO: verde.
