Eficácia de programas multicomponentes de atividade física e nutrição sobre a capacidade de trabalho, o bem-estar no trabalho e a qualidade de vida em trabalhadores: uma revisão sistemática
Resumo
Uma alimentação saudável e a prática regular de exercício físico não só melhoram a saúde, como também contribuem para o bem-estar, a satisfação e o desempenho no ambiente de trabalho. Estas práticas contribuem para aumentar os níveis de energia, reduzir o stress e reforçar a capacidade de concentração, o que melhora o desempenho e a qualidade de vida no trabalho. No entanto, embora as intervenções que combinam atividade física e nutrição tenham demonstrado benefícios, ainda é necessário compreender melhor o seu impacto específico na qualidade de vida, no bem-estar no trabalho e na capacidade de trabalho. Assim, o objetivo desta revisão foi analisar a eficácia das intervenções na melhoria destes aspectos nos trabalhadores. Foi efectuada uma revisão sistemática de acordo com a Declaração PRISMA, utilizando quatro bases de dados: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus e PsycINFO. Além disso, foi efectuada uma pesquisa específica em revistas especializadas em psicologia e desporto, incluindo Frontiers in Psychology, Sustainability, Psych, Revista de Psicología Aplicada al Deporte y el Ejercicio Físico, E-balonmano.com e Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte. Incluímos ensaios clínicos controlados e aleatorizados em contextos de trabalho que forneceram resultados de bem-estar, qualidade e capacidade em trabalhadores, publicados entre 2000 e 2024, avaliados com questionários validados e em qualquer língua. A qualidade foi avaliada utilizando a escala Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) e a ferramenta de avaliação crítica do Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) para ensaios clínicos randomizados. O protocolo foi previamente registado no PRÓSPERO com o ID CRD420543858. Quinze estudos foram incluídos. A qualidade média foi de 6,2 em 10 na escala PEDro ou moderada de acordo com a escala JBI. Todas as intervenções no local de trabalho incluíram nutrição e atividade física, juntamente com outros componentes, tais como palestras de educação para a saúde e estratégias de melhoria do sono. Foram obtidas melhorias estatisticamente significativas em 83,3% dos estudos que avaliaram a capacidade de trabalho (5 em 6), 60% dos estudos que analisaram o bem-estar no trabalho (6 em 10) e 44,4% dos estudos que mediram a qualidade de vida (4 em 9). No entanto, apenas 33,3% dos estudos (5 em 15) avaliaram estes aspectos como objetivo principal, enquanto os restantes os consideraram como objectivos secundários. O ambiente de trabalho é ótimo para intervenções de saúde destinadas a melhorar a capacidade dos trabalhadores, o bem-estar no trabalho e a qualidade de vida. No entanto, são necessários mais estudos de alta qualidade e metodologias normalizadas que dêem prioridade à avaliação do bem-estar e da qualidade de vida no trabalho a partir de uma abordagem holística, incluindo os aspectos físicos e psicossociais, bem como o envolvimento de especialistas em cada área.
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