Weekly training frequency as a predictor of exercise dependence in recreational athletes
Abstract
This transversal study aimed to investigate the predictive role of age, training frequency and practice time on the degree of exercise dependence (ED) of recreational athletes. 159 recreational athletes participated in street racing, bodybuilding and crossfit, with an average age of 31,59 ± 7,98 years, from the state of Pernambuco. The instruments used were a sociodemographic questionnaire and Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised. Data analysis was conducted through Spearman correlation and multiple regression (p < 0,05). The results showed significant and positive correlation (p<0,05) of the training frequency with continuity (r=0,16), reduction of other activities (r=0,27), lack of Control (r=0,24), time (r=0,25) and General score of (r=0,25), Multiple regression analysis revealed that only the training frequency presented significant and direct prediction on the dimensions of DE, Specifically, the weekly training frequency explains 1% of the continuity variance, 6% of the reduction of other activities, 5% of the lack of Control, 5% of the time and 57% of the overall score of. It is concluded that the weekly training frequency seems to be an intervention factor in the degree of ED in recreational athletes.
Downloads
References
Alchieri, J. C., Gouveia, V. V., Oliveira, I. C. V. d., Medeiros, E. D. d., Grangeiro, A. S. d. M., & Silva, C. (2015). Exercise Dependence Scale: adaptação e evidências de validade e precisão. J Bras Psiquiatr, 64(4), 279-287.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0047-2085000000090
Almeida, C., Borba, V. V., & Santos, L. (2018). Orthorexia nervosa in a sample of Portuguese fitness participants. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 23(4), 443-451.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-018-0517-y
Association, A. P. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edn (Washington, DC: APA).
Ato, M., Lopez, J. J., & Benavente, A. (2013). A classification system for research designs in psychology. anales de psicología, 29(3), 1038-1059.
Back, J., Josefsson, T., Ivarsson, A., & Gustafsson, H. (2019). Psychological risk factors for exercise dependence. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1-12.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2019.1674902
Bóna, E., Szél, Z., Kiss, D., & Gyarmathy, V. A. (2019). An unhealthy health behavior: analysis of orthorexic tendencies among Hungarian gym attendees. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 24(1), 13-20.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-018-0592-0
Clifford, T., & Blyth, C. (2019). A pilot study comparing the prevalence of orthorexia nervosa in regular students and those in University sports teams. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 24(3), 473-480.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-018-0584-0
Corazza, O., Simonato, P., Demetrovics, Z., Mooney, R., van de Ven, K., Roman-Urrestarazu, A., . . . Santacroce, R. (2019). The emergence of Exercise Addiction, Body Dysmorphic Disorder, and other image-related psychopathological correlates in fitness settings: A cross sectional study. PloS one, 14(4), e0213060.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213060
Costa, A. C. P., Della Torre, M. C. d. M., & dos Santos Alvarenga, M. (2015). Atitudes em relação ao exercício e insatisfação com a imagem corporal de frequentadores de academia. Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte, 29(3), 453-464.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-55092015000300453
De La Vega, R., Parastatidou, I. S., Ruiz-Barquin, R., & Szabo, A. (2016). Exercise addiction in athletes and leisure exercisers: the moderating role of passion. Journal of behavioral addictions, 5(2), 325-331.
https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.043
Di Lodovico, L., Poulnais, S., & Gorwood, P. (2019). Which sports are more at risk of physical exercise addiction: A systematic review. Addictive behaviors, 93, 257-262.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.12.030
Downs, D. S., Hausenblas, H. A., & Nigg, C. R. (2004). Factorial validity and psychometric examination of the Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 8(4), 183-201.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327841mpee0804_1
Downs, D. S., Savage, J. S., & DiNallo, J. M. (2013). Self-determined to exercise? Leisure-time exercise behavior, exercise motivation, and exercise dependence in youth. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 10(2), 176-184.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.10.2.176
Esteve-Lanao, J., Moreno-Pérez, D., Cardona, C. A., Larumbe-Zabala, E., Muñoz, I., Sellés, S., & Cejuela, R. (2017). Is Marathon training harder than the ironman training? an ECO-method comparison. Front Physiol, 8, 298.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00298
Fidan, T., Ertekin, V., Işikay, S., & Kırpınar, I. (2010). Prevalence of orthorexia among medical students in Erzurum, Turkey. Comprehensive psychiatry, 51(1), 49-54.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.03.001
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24.
https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Hausenblas, H. A., & Downs, D. S. (2002). How much is too much? The development and validation of the exercise dependence scale. Psychology and health, 17(4), 387-404.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044022000004894
Hausenblas, H. A., & Giacobbi Jr, P. R. (2004). Relationship between exercise dependence symptoms and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(6), 1265-1273.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00214-9
Impellizzeri, F. M., Marcora, S. M., Castagna, C., Reilly, T., Sassi, A., Iaia, F., & Rampinini, E. (2006). Physiological and performance effects of generic versus specific aerobic training in soccer players. Int J Sports Med, 27(06), 483-492.
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-865839
Kovacsik, R., Soós, I., de la Vega, R., Ruíz-Barquín, R., & Szabo, A. (2018). Passion and exercise addiction: Healthier profiles in team than in individual sports. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1-11.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2018.1486873
Lee, D.-c., Brellenthin, A. G., Thompson, P. D., Sui, X., Lee, I.-M., & Lavie, C. J. (2017). Running as a key lifestyle medicine for longevity. Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 60(1), 45-55.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2017.03.005
Lichtenstein, M. B., & Jensen, T. T. (2016). Exercise addiction in CrossFit: Prevalence and psychometric properties of the Exercise Addiction Inventory. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 3, 33-37.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2016.02.002
Lucidi, F., Pica, G., Mallia, L., Castrucci, E., Manganelli, S., Bélanger, J., & Pierro, A. (2016). Running away from stress: How regulatory modes prospectively affect athletes' stress through passion. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 26(6), 703-711.
https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12496
Lukács, A., Sasvári, P., Varga, B., & Mayer, K. (2019). Exercise addiction and its related factors in amateur runners. Journal of behavioral addictions, 1-7.
https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.8.2019.28
Malta, M., Cardoso, L. O., Bastos, F. I., Magnanini, M. M. F., & Silva, C. M. F. P. d. (2010). STROBE initiative: guidelines on reporting observational studies. Revista de saúde pública, 44(3), 559-565.
http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000300021
Manore, M. M., Meyer, N. L., & Thompson, J. L. (2018). Sport nutrition for health and performance: Human Kinetics.
Moreira, N. B., Mazzardo, O., Vagetti, G. C., Oliveira, V. d., & Campos, W. d. (2017). Associação entre dependência do exercício físico e percepção da qualidade de vida no basquetebol master brasileiro. Revista Brasileira de Ciências do Esporte, 39(4), 433-441.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbce.2017.07.001
Neves, A. (2015). Body experience as the core of body image development. Body Image: Advances in Psychology Research, 21-36.
Nogueira, A., Molinero, O., Salguero, A., & Márquez, S. (2018). Exercise Addiction in Practitioners of Endurance Sports: A Literature Review. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 1484.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01484
Orrit, G. (2019). Muscle Dysmorphia: Predictive and protective factors in adolescents. Cuadernos de psicología del deporte, 19(3), 1-11.
https://doi.org/10.6018/cpd.347981
Pope, H., Phillips, K. A., & Olivardia, R. (2000). O complexo de Adônis: a obsessão masculina pelo corpo: Editora Campus.
Pope Jr, H. G., Gruber, A. J., Choi, P., Olivardia, R., & Phillips, K. A. (1997). Muscle dysmorphia: An underrecognized form of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics, 38(6), 548-557.
Rudolph, S. (2018). The connection between exercise addiction and orthorexia nervosa in German fitness sports. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 23(5), 581-586.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-017-0437-2
Schiphof-Godart, L., & Hettinga, F. J. (2017). Passion and pacing in endurance performance. Front Physiol, 8, 83.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00083
Warburton, D. E., & Bredin, S. S. (2017). Health benefits of physical activity: a systematic review of current systematic reviews. Current opinion in cardiology, 32(5), 541-556.
https://doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000000437
Zeulner, B., Ziemainz, H., Beyer, C., Hammon, M., & Janka, R. (2016). Disordered eating and exercise dependence in endurance athletes. Advances in Physical Education, 6(2).
Las obras que se publican en esta revista están sujetas a los siguientes términos:
1. El Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia (la editorial) conserva los derechos patrimoniales (copyright) de las obras publicadas, y favorece y permite la reutilización de las mismas bajo la licencia de uso indicada en el punto 2.
2. Las obras se publican en la edición electrónica de la revista bajo una licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 3.0 España (texto legal). Se pueden copiar, usar, difundir, transmitir y exponer públicamente, siempre que: i) se cite la autoría y la fuente original de su publicación (revista, editorial y URL de la obra); ii) no se usen para fines comerciales; iii) se mencione la existencia y especificaciones de esta licencia de uso.
3. Condiciones de auto-archivo. Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir electrónicamente las versiones pre-print (versión antes de ser evaluada) y/o post-print (versión evaluada y aceptada para su publicación) de sus obras antes de su publicación, ya que favorece su circulación y difusión más temprana y con ello un posible aumento en su citación y alcance entre la comunidad académica. Color RoMEO: verde.
