Some images of the Roman army in the Third Century (AD 235-284)
Abstract
In this work we intend to offer a clear and concise view of some of the fundamental aspects of the Roman army that emerged from the “Crisis of the Third Century”, a traumatic period full of transformations that altered the structures of the Roman State forever. We will try to show that some of the most important changes of those key moments were linked to the army, from which the basis of well-known Later Roman Empire would emerge, ultimately represented by the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine.
Downloads
References
Alföldy, G. 1974. The Crisis of the Third Century as seen by Contemporaries. Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 15 (1), 89-111. https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/download/9021/4625
Barnes, T. D. 1970. Three Notes on the Vita Probi. The Classical Quarterly 20 (1), 198 – 203.
Barta, G. 1971. Lucius Verus and the Marcomannic Wars. Acta Classica Universitatis Scientiarum 7, 61 – 71.
Birley, A. R. 1976. The Third Century Crisis in the Roman Empire. Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 58 (2), 253 – 281. DOI 10.7227/bjrl.58.2.2
Brauer, G. C. 1975. The Age of the Soldier Emperors: Imperial Rome, A.D. 244 – 284. Park Ridge, New Jersey: Noyes Press.
Britton, P. D. 1981. The military and administrative reforms of the emperor Gallienus. Durham University thesis. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7550/ . En línea: 11/03/2021.
Burgersdijk, D. W. P. 2017. Aurelius Victor, Festus and the Others. Minor Historians and Anonymous Sources in the Historia Augusta. En Bleckmann, B. y Brandt, H. (eds.), Historiae Augustae Colloquium Dusseldorpiense XIII, 33 – 46. Bari: Edipuglia.
Caldwell, C. H. 2018. The Third-Century Usurpation and Fourth-Century Burial of Aureolus. Classical World 111 (2), 253 – 265. DOI: 10.1353/clw.2018.0004
Caldwell, C. H. 2021. Promoting civil war: rewards and loyalty in the Danubian-Balkan provinces, AD 28 – 354. En Bragg, E., Hau, L. I. y Macaulay-Lewis, E. (eds.), Beyond the Battlefields: New Perspectives on Warfare and Society in the Graeco-Roman World, 225 – 240. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, https://www.academia.edu/download/46629518/Armstrong_-_Recruitment.pdf
Cambi, N. 2017. Two Inscriptions Discovered in the Immediate Vicinity of Diocletian’s Palace. Miscellanea Hadriatica et Mediterranea 3 (1), 139 – 156.https://doi.org/10.15291/misc.1355
Campbell, J. B. 1994. The Roman Army, 31 BC – AC 337: A Sourcebook. London: Routledge.
Campbell, J. B. 2002. Warfare and Society in Imperial Rome, c. 31 BC-AD 280. London: Routledge.
Casey, J. 1995. Carausius and Allectus: The British Usurpers. London: B.T. Batsford.
Christol, M. 1982. Les réformes de Gallien et la carrière sénatoriale. En Chelotti, M., Gaeta, R., Morizio, R. V. y Silvestrini, V. M. (eds.), Epigrafia e ordine senatorio, Atti del Colloquio internazionale AIEGL su epigrafia e ordine senatorio, Roma, 14 – 20 maggio 1981. 1, Tituli, 4, 143 – 166. Rome: Storia e Letteratura.
Clarke, G. W. 1980. Dating the Death of the Emperor Decius. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 37, 114-116.
Corcoran, S. 2012. Before Constantine. En Lenski, N., The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine, 35 – 58. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cowan, R., y McBride, A. 2003. Imperial Roman Legionary 161 – 284 AD. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
Cromwell, R. S. 1998. The Rise and Decline of the Late Roman Field Army. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: White Mane Publishing.
D’Amato. R. 2017. Roman Army Units in the Eastern Provinces (1): 31 BC–AD 195. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
Davenport, C., & Mallan, C. 2019. Herodian and the Crisis of Emperorship, 235 – 238 AD. Mnemosyne, 73(3), 449 – 440. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568525X-12342647
De Blois, L. 2018. Image and Reality of Roman Imperial Power in the Third Century AD: The Impact of War. London: Routledge.
Elton, H. 2018. The Roman Empire in Late Antiquity: A Political and Military History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ferrill, A. 1986. The Fall of the Roman Empire, the Military Explanation. New York: Thames and Hudson.
Fisher, W. 1929. The Augustan Vita Aureliani. Journal of Roman Studies 19 (2), 125 – 149. https://doi.org/10.2307/297342
Fuminori, I. 2004. A Study on Gallienus’ Reform of Cavalry. Journal of Classic Studies 52, 84 – 94. DOI https://doi.org/10.20578/jclst.52.0_84
Goffart, W. 2008. Rome’s Final Conquest: The Barbarians. History Compass 6, 855 – 883. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00523.x
Goldsworthy, A. 2000. Roman Warfare. London: Castell.
Harries, J. 2012. Imperial Rome AD 284 to 363: The New Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Hartmann, F. 1982. Herrscherwechsel und Reichskrise: Untersuchungen zu den Ursachen und Konsequenzen der Herrscherwechsel im Imperium Romanum der Soldatenkaiserzeit (3. Jahrhundert n. Chr.). Frankfurt – Main: Peter Lang Verlag.
Hartmann, U. 2017. The Third-Century “Crisis”. En Whitby, M. y Sidebottom H. (eds.), the Encyclopedia of Ancient Battles, vol. III, Part VIII the Late Roman Empire, 1047 – 1067. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119099000.wbabat0720
Hebblewhite, M. 2017. The Emperor and the Army in the Later Roman Empire, AD 235–395. London – York: Routledge.
Johne, K.-P., Hartmann, U. y Gerhardt, T. 2008. Die Zeit der Soldatenkaiser Krise und Transformation des Römischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. (235-284). Berlin: Akademie Verlag. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1524/9783050088075
Johnson, S. 1983. Late Roman Fortifications. London: Barnes & Noble Books.
LeBohec, Y. 2009. L’armée romaine dans la tourmente : une nouvelle approche de la « crise du IIIe siècle » (L’art de la guerre). Paris: Editions du Rocher.
Lu, W. 2019. An Empire Divided: Gallienus and the Crisis of the Third Century. Tesis Doctoral. Brandeis University.https://scholarworks.brandeis.edu/view/delivery/01BRAND_INST/12418913780001921/13419033520001921 En línea: 10/03/2021.
MacDowall, S. 1995. Late Roman Cavalryman AD 236 – 565. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
MacMullen, R. 1969. Constantine. London, New York, Sidney: Croom Helm.
MacMullen, R. 1976. Roman Government’s Response to Crisis A.D. 235 – 337. New Haven – London: Yale University Press
Menéndez Argüín, A. R. 2003. II Parthica: legio apud romam. Habis 34, 313 – 321. https://idus.us.es/bitstream/handle/11441/13484/file_1.pdf?sequence=1
Mócsy, A. 1974. Pannonia and Upper Moesia. London & New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Osier, J. 1977. The Emergence of Third-Century Equestrian Military Commanders. Latomus 36 (3),674 – 687.
Pausch, D. 2010. Libellus non tam diserte quamfideliter scriptus? Unreliable Narration in the Historia Augusta. Ancient Narrative 8, 115-135. https://ugp.rug.nl/AN/article/download/24589/22039/
Potter, D. S. 2004. The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180–395. The Routledge History of the Ancient World. London: Routledge.
Potter, D. S. 2012. Constantine the Emperor. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rodríguez González, J. 2010. La dinastía de los Severos: el comienzo del declive del Imperio Romano. Madrid: Almena.
Sage, M. 2020. Septimius Severus and the Roman Army. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military.
Scharf, R. 2001. Equites Dalmatae und cunei Dalmatarum in der Spätantike. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 135, 185 – 193.
Scheidel, W. 2013. The first fall of the Roman Empire. Annual lecture held in memory of eminent Roman historian Sir Ronald Syme. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shillam, M. 2007. Abortive Dynasties: Dynastic Politics A.D. 235-285. Tesis doctoral, University of Canberra. https://www.academia.edu/download/31688913/Abortive_Dynasties_-_MA_Thesis.pdf . En línea: 03/02/2021.
Shin, M. 2010. Christian Soldiers in the Sacer Comitatus under Diocletian and the Tetrarchy: Evidence from Three Epitaphs. Classicum 36(2), 2-10.
Simon, H.-G. 1980. Die Reformen der Reiterei unter Kaiser Gallien. En Eck, W. et al., Studien zur antiken Sozialgeschichte. Festschrift Friedrich Vittinghoff. Cologne – Vienna: Böhlau.
Smith, R. E. 1972. The Army Reforms of Septimius Severus. Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 21 (3), 481 – 500.
Southern, P., y Dixon, K. 1996. The Late Roman Army. London: Routledge.
Southern, P. 2001. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. London – New York: Routledge.
Speidel, M. P. 1997. Riding for Caesar: The Roman Emperors’ Horse Guard. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press.
Speidel, M. P. 2005. The Origin of the Late Roman Army Ranks. Tyche. Contributions to Ancient History, Papyrology and Epigraphy 20, 205 – 207.
http://www.tyche-journal.at/tyche/index.php/tyche/article/download/580/697
Speidel, M. P. 2008. Das Heer. En Johne, K.-P. et al., Die Zeit der Soldatenkaiser, Krise und Transformation des römischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. (235-284), 673-690. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
Stoev, K. 2007. The Settlement of Veterans to the Roman Colony of Scupi [End of 1st Beginning of 2nd Century AD]. Thracia 17, 217 – 225.
Syme, R. 1968. Ammianus and the Historia Augusta. Toronto – Oxford: the Clarendon Press.
Syme, R. 1971. Emperors and Biography: Studies in the Historia Augusta. Oxford: the Clarendon Press.
Syme, R. 1973. Danubian and Balkan Emperors. Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 22 (2), 310 – 316.
Tomlin, R. S. O. 1987. The Army of the Late Empire. En J. Wacher (ed.), The Roman World. Routledge Worlds, 107 – 133. London: Routledge
Von Petrikovits, H. 1971. Fortifications in the Northwestern Roman Empire from the Third to the Fifth Centuries AD. The Journal of Roman Studies 61, 178 – 218.
Watson, A. 2004. Aurelian and the Third Century. London – New York: Routledge.
Webster, G. 1998. The Roman Imperial Army of the First and Second Centuries A.D. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Wilkes, J. 1992. The Illyrians. London: Blackwell Publishers.
Williams, S. 1985. Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. New York: Methuen, Inc.
1. The authors non-exclusively assign the exploitation rights (reproduction, distribution, communication and transformation) to the magazine.
2. The works published in this magazine are subject to the Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International license (CC By SA 4.0). Therefore, they can be copied, used, disseminated, transmitted and publicly displayed, provided that:
i) the authorship and the original source of its publication (journal, editorial and URL of the work) are cited, thus allowing its recognition.
ii) it is allowed to remix, transform or create from the material while maintaining the same license as the original.
Note: Articles prior to 2022 incorrectly display the CC by SA license in the abstract page. They are under a CC by NC ND license as embedded in the article pdfs. Articles published in 2022 and after are under the CC by SA license.
3. Self-archiving conditions. Authors are allowed and encouraged to electronically disseminate the pre-print (version before being evaluated) and/or post-print (version evaluated and accepted for publication) versions of their works before publication, as it favors their publication. Earlier circulation and diffusion and with it a possible increase in its citation and reach among the academic community. Color RoMEO: verde.