A pilot study on fear and risk of fall: The impact of a 8-month multicomponent exercise program in community-dwelling aged adults

Authors

  • Filipe Rodrigues ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal; Life Quality Research Center, 2040-413 Leiria, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1327-8872
  • Miguel Jacinto ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal; Life Quality Research Center, 2040-413 Leiria, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1727-3537
  • Raul Antunes ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal; Life Quality Research Center, 2040-413 Leiria, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5485-9430
  • Pedro Morouço ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal; Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology (CiTechcare), 2410-541 Leiria, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5956-9790
  • António Miguel Monteiro Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Polytechnic of Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health, and Human Development, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4467-1722
  • Pedro Forte Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Polytechnic of Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health, and Human Development, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; ISCE Douro, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0184-6780
  • Diogo Monteiro ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal; Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health, and Human Development, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7179-6814
DOI: https://doi.org/10.6018/cpd.567251
Keywords: fear, fall, older, exercise, quasi-experimental

Supporting Agencies

  • This research was funded by national funds through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P., grant number UID/04748/2020 and grant number UID/04045/2020

Abstract

Sarcopenia, characterized by the age-related decline in muscle mass and strength, has been associated with an elevated risk of falls in older adults. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of an 8-month multicomponent exercise program in community-dwelling older adults. A comprehensive approach was employed to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of a thrice-weekly exercise intervention. Aged over 60 years, the capacity to stand and walk with or without assistive equipment, being physically inactive, having medical clearance, and living in the community were all eligibility criteria. The Timed-up and Go test and Berg Balance Scale were used to examine the risk of falling. The Fall-Efficacy Scale International was used to examine the fear of falling. The community-based exercise program involved thirty-five participants, the average age was 67.54 years (SD = 3.81) and 71% were female. Attendance rates ranged from 76% to 100% on average. There was a significant trend toward a clinically important improvement in the timed-up and go test (t = 4.66; p < 0.001; d = 0.20), berg balance scale (t = -11.20; p < 0.001; d = 1.47), and fall-efficacy scale international (t = 5.81; p < 0.001; d = 0.88). This study has provided preliminary evidence that an 8-month community-based low-cost exercise program may be effective in improving agility, and balance, and decreasing fear of falling in older people. The community-based exercise program has provided the necessary data to design future randomized-controlled trials that can be implemented in the community in an ecologically feasible manner.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

American College of Sports Medicine (2009). Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(3), 3. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181915670

American College of Sports Medicine (2021). ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (Eleventh edition). Wolters Kluwer.

3. Ángeles, C.-M. M., Laura, A.-M., Consuelo, C.-S. M., Manuel, R.-R., Eva, A.-C., & Covadonga, G.-P. A. (2022). The effect that the Otago Exercise Programme had on fear of falling in community dwellers aged 65–80 and associated factors. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 99, 104620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2022.104620

Ashburn, A., Fazakarley, L., Ballinger, C., Pickering, R., McLellan, L. D., & Fitton, C. (2007). A randomised controlled trial of a home-based exercise programme to reduce the risk of falling among people with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 78(7), 678–684. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2006.099333

Ato, M., López-García, J. J., & Benavente, A. (2013). Un sistema de clasificación de los diseños de investigación en psicología. Annals of Psychology, 29(3), 1038–1059. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.3.178511

Barzilai, N., Cuervo, A. M., & Austad, S. (2018). Aging as a Biological Target for Prevention and Therapy. JAMA, 320(13), 1321–1322. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.9562

Beard, J. R., & Bloom, D. E. (2015). Towards a comprehensive public health response to population ageing. The Lancet, 385(9968), 658–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61461-6

Berg, K. (1989). Measuring balance in the elderly: Preliminary development of an instrument. Physiotherapy Canada, 41, 304–311. https://doi.org/10.3138/ptc.41.6.304

Borg, G. (1998). Borg’s perceived exertion and pain scales (pp. viii, 104). Human Kinetics.

Borges-Machado, F., Silva, N., Farinatti, P., Poton, R., Ribeiro, Ó., & Carvalho, J. (2021). Effectiveness of Multicomponent Exercise Interventions in Older Adults With Dementia: A Meta-Analysis. The Gerontologist, 61(8), 8. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa091

Briguglio, M., Giorgino, R., Dell'Osso, B., Cesari, M., Porta, M., Lattanzio, F., Banfi, G., & Peretti, G. M. (2020). Consequences for the Elderly After COVID-19 Isolation: FEaR (Frail Elderly amid Restrictions). Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 565052. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565052

Chang, S.-H., Chiang, C.-C., & Chien, N.-H. (2023). Efficacy of a multicomponent exercise training program intervention in community-dwelling older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Geriatric Nursing, 49, 148–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2022.11.019

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587

Delbaere, K., Close, J. C. T., Mikolaizak, A. S., Sachdev, P. S., Brodaty, H., & Lord, S. R. (2010). The Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES-I). A comprehensive longitudinal validation study. Age and Ageing, 39(2), 210–216. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afp225

Donovan, N. J., & Blazer, D. (2020). Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(12), 1233–1244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005

Faulkner, J. A., Larkin, L. M., Claflin, D. R., & Brooks, S. V. (2007). Age-Related Changes in the Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscles. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 34(11), 1091–1096. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04752.x

Figueira, H. A., Figueira, O. A., Corradi-Perini, C., Martínez-Rodríguez, A., Figueira, A. A., da Silva, C. R. L., & Dantas, E. H. M. (2021). A Descriptive Analytical Study on Physical Activity and Quality of Life in Sustainable Aging. Sustainability, 13(11), 5968. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115968

Forte, P., Pinto, P., Barbosa, T. M., Morais, J. E., & Monteiro, A. M. (2021). The effect of a six-month multicomponent training in elderly’s body composition and functional fitness – A before-after analysis. Motricidade, 17(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.20221

Garber, C. E., Blissmer, B., Deschenes, M. R., Franklin, B. A., Lamonte, M. J., Lee, I.-M., Nieman, D. C., & Swain, D. P. (2011). Quantity and Quality of Exercise for Developing and Maintaining Cardiorespiratory, Musculoskeletal, and Neuromotor Fitness in Apparently Healthy Adults: Guidance for Prescribing Exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43(7), 1334. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213fefb

García-Hermoso, A., Ramirez-Vélez, R., Sáez de Asteasu, M. L., Martínez-Velilla, N., Zambom-Ferraresi, F., Valenzuela, P. L., Lucia, A., & Izquierdo, M. (2020). Safety and Effectiveness of Long-Term Exercise Interventions in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Sports Medicine, 50(6), 1095–1106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01259-y

Hadjistavropoulos, T., Carleton, R. N., Delbaere, K., Barden, J., Zwakhalen, S., Fitzgerald, B., Ghandehari, O. O., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. (2012). The relationship of fear of falling and balance confidence with balance and dual tasking performance. Psychology and Aging, 27(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024054

Iamtrakul, P., Chayphong, S., Jomnonkwao, S., & Ratanavaraha, V. (2021). The Association of Falls Risk in Older Adults and Their Living Environment: A Case Study of Rural Area, Thailand. Sustainability, 13(24), 13756. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413756

Jung, K., & Choi, Y. (2023). Factors Influencing Physical Activity and Exercise in Older Adults during COVID-19 in South Korea. Sustainability, 15(9), 7482. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097482

Kang, S., Hwang, S., Klein, A. B., & Kim, S. H. (2015). Multicomponent exercise for physical fitness of community-dwelling elderly women. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 27(3), 911–915. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.27.911

Kendrick, D., Kumar, A., Carpenter, H., Zijlstra, G. A. R., Skelton, D. A., Cook, J. R., Stevens, Z., Belcher, C. M., Haworth, D., Gawler, S. J., Gage, H., Masud, T., Bowling, A., Pearl, M., Morris, R. W., Iliffe, S., & Delbaere, K. (2014). Exercise for reducing fear of falling in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11, Article 11. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009848.pub2

Kumar, A., Delbaere, K., Zijlstra, G. A. R., Carpenter, H., Iliffe, S., Masud, T., Skelton, D., Morris, R., & Kendrick, D. (2016). Exercise for reducing fear of falling in older people living in the community: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Age and Ageing, 45(3), 3. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw036

Kwok, B. C., & Pua, Y. H. (2016). Effects of WiiActive exercises on fear of falling and functional outcomes in community-dwelling older adults: A randomized control trial. Age and Ageing, 45(5), 5. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw108

Li, Y., Gao, Y., Hu, S., Chen, H., Zhang, M., Yang, Y., & Liu, Y. (2023). Effects of multicomponent exercise on the muscle strength, muscle endurance and balance of frail older adults: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 32(9), 1795-1805. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16196

Lopez, P., Radaelli, R., Taaffe, D. R., Newton, R. U., Galvão, D. A., Trajano, G. S., Teodoro, J. L., Kraemer, W. J., Häkkinen, K., & Pinto, R. S. (2021). Resistance Training Load Effects on Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength Gain: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 53(6), 1206. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002585

Mancini, M., & Horak, F. B. (2010). The relevance of clinical balance assessment tools to differentiate balance deficits. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 46(2), 239–248.

Marques, D. L., Neiva, H. P., Marinho, D. A., & Marques, M. C. (2022). Manipulating the Resistance Training Volume in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of the Effects on Muscle Strength and Size, Muscle Quality, and Functional Capacity. Sports Medicine, 53, 503-518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01769-x

Monteiro, A. M., Rodrigues, S., Matos, S., Teixeira, J. E., Barbosa, T. M., & Forte, P. (2022). The Effects of 32 Weeks of Multicomponent Training with Different Exercises Order in Elderly Women’s Functional Fitness and Body Composition. Medicina, 58(5), 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58050628

Nelson, M. E., Rejeski, W. J., Blair, S. N., Duncan, P. W., Judge, J. O., King, A. C., Macera, C. A., & Castaneda-Sceppa, C. (2007). Physical activity and public health in older adults: Recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(8), 1435–1445. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3180616aa2

Ng, C. A. C. M., Fairhall, N., Wallbank, G., Tiedemann, A., Michaleff, Z. A., & Sherrington, C. (2019). Exercise for falls prevention in community-dwelling older adults: Trial and participant characteristics, interventions, and bias in clinical trials from a systematic review. BMJ Open Sport - Exercise Medicine, 5(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000663

Oliveira, B., Matos, I., Neto, G., Rodrigues, F., Monteiro, D., Lattari, E., Machado, S. (2021). A 16-week intervention on mood and life quality in elderly: testing two exercise programs. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 21(2), 24-31. https://doi.org/10.6018/cpd.433571

Phelan, E. A., Aerts, S., Dowler, D., Eckstrom, E., & Casey, C. M. (2016). Adoption of Evidence-Based Fall Prevention Practices in Primary Care for Older Adults with a History of Falls. Frontiers in Public Health, 4. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00190

Priego, T., Martín, A. I., González-Hedström, D., Granado, M., & López-Calderón, A. (2021). Role of hormones in sarcopenia. In G. Litwack (Ed.), Vitamins and Hormones (Vol. 115, pp. 535–570). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.vh.2020.12.021

Ramsey, K. A., Rojer, A. G. M., D’Andrea, L., Otten, R. H. J., Heymans, M. W., Trappenburg, M. C., Verlaan, S., Whittaker, A. C., Meskers, C. G. M., & Maier, A. B. (2021). The association of objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behavior with skeletal muscle strength and muscle power in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews, 67, 101266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2021.101266

Reed, J. L., & Pipe, A. L. (2014). The talk test: A useful tool for prescribing and monitoring exercise intensity. Current Opinion in Cardiology, 29(5), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000000097

Rikli, R. E., & Jones, C. J. (2013). Development and Validation of Criterion-Referenced Clinically Relevant Fitness Standards for Maintaining Physical Independence in Later Years. The Gerontologist, 53(2), 255–267. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gns071

Rodrigues, F., Amaro, N., Matos, R., Mendes, D., Monteiro, D., & Morouço, P. (2022). The impact of an exercise intervention using low-cost equipment on functional fitness in the community-dwelling older adults: A pilot study. Frontiers in Physiology, 13. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2022.1039131

Rodrigues, F., Bento, T., Cid, L., Neiva, H., Teixeira, D., Moutão, J., Marinho, D., & Monteiro, D. (2018). Can interpersonal behavior influence the persistence and adherence to physical exercise practice in adults? A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2141. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02141

Rodrigues, F., Cid, L., Forte, P., Gonçalves, C., Machado, S., Neiva, H., Teixeira, D., & Monteiro, D. (2020). The perception of enjoyment in youth, adults, and elderly: a comparative study. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 20(2), 26-36. https://doi.org/10.6018/cpd.403391

Rodrigues, F., Domingos, C., Monteiro, D., & Morouço, P. (2022). A Review on Aging, Sarcopenia, Falls, and Resistance Training in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(2), 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020874

Rodrigues, F., Jacinto, M., Figueiredo, N., Monteiro, A. M., & Forte, P. (2023). Effects of a 24-Week Low-Cost Multicomponent Exercise Program on Health-Related Functional Fitness in the Community-Dwelling Aged and Older Adults. Medicina, 59(2), 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59020371

Rodrigues, F., Macedo, R., Teixeira, D., Cid, L., & Monteiro, D. (2021). Analysis of the exercise behavior in gym exercisers across two years. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 21(1), 282-292. https://doi.org/10.6018/cpd.433261

Rubenstein, L. Z. (2006). Falls in older people: Epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for prevention. Age and Ageing, 35(2), 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afl084

Samuel, L. J., Wright, R., Granbom, M., Taylor, J. L., Hupp, C., Roberts Lavigne, L. C., & Szanton, S. L. (2021). Community-dwelling older adults who are low-income and disabled weathering financial challenges. Geriatric Nursing, 42(4), 901–907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.04.025

Schoene, D., Heller, C., Aung, Y. N., Sieber, C. C., Kemmler, W., & Freiberger, E. (2019). https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S197857

Sherrington, C., Fairhall, N., Kwok, W., Wallbank, G., Tiedemann, A., Michaleff, Z. A., Ng, C. A. C. M., & Bauman, A. (2020). Evidence on physical activity and falls prevention for people aged 65+ years: Systematic review to inform the WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behavior. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-01041-3

Silva Tavares, G. M., Palma Pacheco, B., Valle Gotllieb, M. G., Kassic Müller, D. V., & Moraes Santos, G. (2020). Interaction between cognitive status, fear of falling, and balance in elderly persons. Clinics, 75. https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2020/e1612

Smith, M. L., Towne, S. D., Herrera-Venson, A., Cameron, K., Horel, S. A., Ory, M. G., Gilchrist, C. L., Schneider, E. C., DiCocco, C., & Skowronski, S. (2018). Delivery of Fall Prevention Interventions for At-Risk Older Adults in Rural Areas: Findings from a National Dissemination. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(12), 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122798

Soh, S. L. (2022). Falls efficacy: The self-efficacy concept for falls prevention and management. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1011285. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1011285

Soper, D. (2022). Factorial Calculator [Software], Version 4.0. 2022. Available online: https://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc (accessed on15 December 2022)

Sullivan-Marx, E. M., Mangione, K. K., Ackerson, T., Sidorov, I., Maislin, G., Volpe, S. L., & Craik, R. (2011). Recruitment and Retention Strategies Among Older African American Women Enrolled in an Exercise Study at a PACE Program. The Gerontologist, 51(suppl_1), S73–S81. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnr001

Teodoro, J. L., da Silva, L. X. N., Fritsch, C. G., Baroni, B. M., Grazioli, R., Boeno, F. P., Lopez, P., Gentil, P., Bottaro, M., Pinto, R. S., Izquierdo, M., & Cadore, E. L. (2019). Concurrent training performed with and without repetitions to failure in older men: A randomized clinical trial. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 29(8), 1141–1152. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13451

United Nations. (2020). World Population Ageing 2019 (ST/ESA/SER. A/444); United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division: New York, NY, USA.

Walston, J. D. (2012). Sarcopenia in older adults. Current Opinion in Rheumatology, 24(6), 623. https://doi.org/10.1097/BOR.0b013e328358d59b

Wang, Q. X., Ye, Z. M., Wu, W. J., Zhang, Y., Wang, C. L., & Zheng, H. G. (2022). Association of Fear of Falling With Cognition and Physical Function in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Nursing Research, 71(5), 387–393. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0000000000000608

Wetherell, J. L., Bower, E. S., Johnson, K., Chang, D. G., Ward, S. R., & Petkus, A. J. (2018). Integrated Exposure Therapy and Exercise Reduces Fear of Falling and Avoidance in Older Adults: A Randomized Pilot Study. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 26(8), 849–859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2018.04.001

World Medical Association (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310(20), 2191–2194. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053

Yardley, L., Beyer, N., Hauer, K., Kempen, G., Piot-Ziegler, C., & Todd, C. (2005). Development and initial validation of the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I). Age and Ageing, 34(6), 614–619. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afi196

Zhao, Y. L., Alderden, J., Lind, B., & Stibrany, J. (2019). Risk factors for falls in homebound community-dwelling older adults. Public Health Nursing, 36(6), 772–778. https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12651

Published
16-09-2023
How to Cite
Rodrigues, F., Jacinto, M., Antunes, R., Morouço, P., Monteiro, A., Forte, P., & Monteiro, D. (2023). A pilot study on fear and risk of fall: The impact of a 8-month multicomponent exercise program in community-dwelling aged adults. Sport Psychology Notebooks, 23(3). https://doi.org/10.6018/cpd.567251
Issue
Section
Psicología del Deporte

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 3 > >>