Normas de fluidez verbal fonológica para adultos de mediana edad y mayores hispanohablantes: Letras F, A y S
Agencias de apoyo
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- PSI2012-38375-C03-03
- PSI2015-68793-C3-3-R
- RTI2018-098762-B-C31
- PID2021-122979OB-C22
Resumen
Antecedentes: Las pruebas de fluidez verbal se utilizan con frecuencia en la evaluación neuropsicológica. Este estudio presenta datos normativos de fluidez verbal fonológica (FAS) para adultos de mediana edad y mayores de habla hispana, considerando factores sociodemográficos y medidas como el número total de palabras, errores y palabras evocadas en segmentos de 15 segundos. Método: Participaron 920 adultos cognitivamente intactos, de 50 a 89 años. Se utilizaron procedimientos estadísticos para convertir rangos percentiles en puntuaciones escalares, obteniendo una distribución normal. Se analizaron los efectos de la edad, educación y sexo mediante coeficientes de determinación, aplicando correcciones solo a variables sociodemográficas que explicaran más del 5%. Las puntuaciones ajustadas se calcularon con regresiones lineales. Resultados: Se presentan las puntuaciones escalares y percentiles para todas las medidas. Se incluyen tablas suplementarias para ajustes por nivel educativo, ya que no se encontraron diferencias relacionadas con la edad y el sexo. Conclusiones: Este estudio ofrece datos normativos actualizados para nativos hispanohablantes europeos, de 50 a 89 años, en pruebas FAS, considerando errores y producción de palabras en segmentos de 15 segundos. Los efectos de la educación coinciden con estudios previos.
Descargas
-
Resumen993
-
pdf 50
Citas
Aki̇, Ö. E., Alkan, B., Demi̇rsöz, T., Velİbaşoğlu, B., Taşdemi̇r, T., Erbaş, S. P., ... & Demİr, B. (2022). Effects of age, gender and education on pho-nemic and semantic verbal fluency. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 33(1), 53-64. https://doi.org/10.5080/u25553
Amunts, J., Camilleri, J. A., Eickhoff, S. B., Patil, K. R., Heim, S., Von Polier, G. G., & Weis, S. (2021). Comprehensive verbal fluency features predict executive function performance. Scientific reports, 11(1), 6929. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85981-1
Baldo J. V., Schwartz S., Wilkins D. P., Dronkers N. F. (2010). Double disso-ciation of letter and category fluency following left frontal and temporal lobe lesions. Aphasiology, 24(12), 1593–1604. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2010.489260
Brothers, T., Swaab, T. Y., & Traxler, M. J. (2017). Goals and strategies influ-ence lexical prediction during sentence comprehension. Journal of memory and language, 93, 203-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2016.10.002
Buriel, Y., Gramunt, N., Bohm, P., Rodes, E., & Peña-Casanova, J. (2004). Fluencia verbal. Estudio normativo piloto en una muestra española de adultos jóvenes (20 a 49 años). Neurología 19, 153–159.
Cavaco, S., Gonçalves, A., Pinto, C., Almeida, E., Gomes, F., Moreira, I., Fernandes, J., & Teixeira-Pinto, A. (2013). Semantic Fluency and Phone-mic Fluency: Regression-based Norms for the Portuguese Population. Ar-chives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 28(3), 262–271. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/act001
Cegolon, A., & Jenkins, A. (2022). Older adults, cognitively stimulating activi-ties and change in cognitive function. International Journal of Lifelong Educa-tion, 41(4-5), 405-419. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2022.2082574
Cipolotti, L., Molenberghs, P., Dominguez, J., Smith, N., Smirni, D., Xu, T., ... & Chan, E. (2020). Fluency and rule breaking behaviour in the frontal cortex. Neuropsychologia, 137, 107308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107308
Contador, I., Almondes, K., Fernández-Calvo, B., Boycheva, E., Puertas-Martín, V., BenitoLeón, J., & Bermejo-Pareja, F. (2016). Semantic verbal fluency: Normative data in older Spanish adults from NEDICES popula-tion-based cohort. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31(8), 954-962. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acw071
Costa, A., Bagoj, E., Monaco, M., Zabberoni, S., De Rosa, S., Papantonio, A. M., Mundi, C., Caltagirone, C., & Carlesimo, G. A. (2014). Standardiza-tion and normative data obtained in the Italian population for a new ver-bal fluency instrument, the phonemic/semantic alternate fluency test. Neurological Sciences, 35(3), 365-372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-013-1520-8
Cottingham, M. E., & Hawkins, K. A. (2010). Verbal fluency deficits co-occur with memory deficits in geriatric patients at risk for dementia: Implica-tions for the concept of mild cognitive impairment. Behavioral Neurology, 22(3-4), 73–79. https://doi.org/10.3233/ben-2009-0246
Crowe, S. F. (1998). Decrease in Performance on the Verbal Fluency Test as a Function of Time: Evaluation in a Young Healthy Sample. Journal of Clini-cal and Experimental Neuropsychology, 20(3), 391–401. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.20.3.391.810
Delgado-Losada, M. L., López-Higes, R., Rubio-Valdehita, S., Facal, D., Lojo-Seoane, C., Montenegro-Peña, M., Frades-Payo, B., & Fernández-Blázquez, M. Á. (2021). Spanish consortium for ageing normative data (SCAND): Screening tests (MMSE, GDS-15 and MFE). Psicothema, 33(1), 70-76. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2020.304
Delgado-Losada, M. L., Rubio-Valdehita, S., López-Higes, R., Campos-Magdaleno, M., Ávila-Villanueva, M., Frades-Payo, B., & Lojo-Seoane, C. (2024). Phonological fluency norms for Spanish middle-aged and older adults provided by the SCAND initiative (P, M, & R). Journal of the Interna-tional Neuropsychological Society, 30(2), 172-182. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617723000309
Demetriou E., & Holtzer, R. (2017). Mild Cognitive Impairments Moderate the Effect of Time on Verbal Fluency Performance. Journal of the Interna-tional Neuropsychological Society, 23(1), 44-55. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617716000825
Dursun, S. M., Robertson, H. A., Bird, D., Kutcher, D., & Kutcher, S. P. (2002). Effects of ageing on prefrontal temporal cortical network func-tion in healthy volunteers as assessed by COWA. An exploratory survey. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology Biological Psychiatry, 26(5), 1007-1010. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-5846(01)00321-9
Ekström, I., Josefsson, M., Bäckman, L., & Laukka, E. J. (2024). Predictors of cognitive aging profiles over 15 years: A longitudinal population-based study. Psychology and Aging, 39(5), 467–483. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000807
Federmeier, K. D., Kutas, M., & Schul, R. (2010). Age-related and individual differences in the use of prediction during language comprehension. Brain and language, 115(3), 149-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2010.07.006
Ferguson, C. J. (2009). An effect size primer: A guide for clinicians and re-searchers. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(5), 532–538. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015808
Fisk, J. E. & Sharp, C. A, (2004). Deterioro relacionado con la edad en el fun-cionamiento ejecutivo: actualización, inhibición, cambio y acceso. Revista de neuropsicología clínica y experimental, 26 (7), 874-890. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390490510680
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). Mini-mental state. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clini-cian. J Psychiatr Res. 12(3):189-98. http://doi.or/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
Fonseca, R. P., Marcotte, K., Hubner, L. C., Zimmermann, N., Netto, T., Biz-zo, B., ... & Ansaldo, A. I. (2021). The impact of age and education on phonemic and semantic verbal fluency: Behavioral and fMRI correlates. BioRxiv, 2021-01. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.14.426642
Fortuny, L. A., Heaton, R. K., & Hermosillo, D. (1998). Neuropsychological comparisons of Spanish-speaking participants from the US-Mexico bor-der region versus Spain. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4(4), 363–379. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617798003634
García-Herranz, S., Díaz-Mardomingo, M. C., Suárez-Falcón, J. C., Rodríguez-Fernández, R., Peraita, H., & Venero, C. (2022). Normative data for ver-bal fluency, trail making, and rey–osterrieth complex figure tests on mon-olingual Spanish-speaking older adults. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 37(5), 952-969. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acab094
García-Herranz, S., Díaz-Mardomingo, M. D. C., Venero, C., & Peraita, H. (2020). Accuracy of verbal fluency tests in the discrimination of mild cog-nitive impairment and probable Alzheimer’s disease in older Spanish monolingual individuals. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 27(6), 826-840. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2019.1698710
Greenaway, M. C., Smith, G. E., Tangalos, E. G., Geda, Y. E., & Ivnik, R. J. (2009). Mayo older Americans normative studies: Factor analysis of an expanded neuropsychological battery. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23(1), 7-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040801891686
Grogan, A., Green, D. W., Ali, N., Crinion, J. T., & Price, C. J. (2009). Struc-tural correlates of semantic and phonemic fluency ability in first and sec-ond languages. Cerebral Cortex, 19(11), 2690–2698. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhp023
Heim S., Eickhoff S. B., Amunts K. (2009). Different roles of cytoarchitecton-ic BA 44 and BA 45 in phonological and semantic verbal fluency as re-vealed by dynamic causal modelling. NeuroImage, 48(3), 616–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.044
Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2004). A meta-analytic review of verbal fluency performance in patients with traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology, 18(4), 621-628. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.18.4.621
Henry, J. D., Crawford, J. R., & Phillips, L. H. (2005). A metaanalytic review of verbal fluency deficits in Huntington’s disease. Neuropsychology, 19(2), 243. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.19.2.243
Henry, J. D., & Phillips, L. H. (2006). Covariates of production and persevera-tion on tests of phonemic, semantic and alternating fluency in normal ag-ing. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 13(3-4), 529-551. https://doi.org/10.1080/138255890969537
Herbert, V., Brookes, R. L., Markus, H. S., & Morris, R. G. (2014). Verbal Flu-ency in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 20(4), 413-421. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617714000101
Hirnstein, M., Stuebs, J., Moè, A., & Hausmann, M. (2023). Sex/gender dif-ferences in verbal fluency and verbal-episodic memory: a meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 18(1), 67-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916221082116
Jacobs, S., Mercuri, G., & Holtzer, R. (2021). Assessing within-task verbal flu-ency performance: the utility of individual time intervals in predicting in-cident mild cognitive impairment. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 28(5), 733-747. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2020.1817306
Kempler, D., Teng, E. L., Dick, M., Taussig, I. M. & Davis, D. S. (1998). The effects of age, education, and ethnicity on verbal fluency. Journal of the In-ternational Neuropsychological Society, 4(6), 531–538. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617798466013
Khalil, M. S. (2010). Preliminary Arabic normative data of neuropsychological tests: the verbal and design fluency. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 32(9), 1028-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803391003672305
Kozora, E., & Cullum, C. M. (1995). Generative naming in normal aging: To-tal output and qualitative changes using phonemic and semantic con-straints. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 9(4), 313–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854049508400495
Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., & Loring, D. W. (Eds.). (2004). Neuropsycho-logical assessment (4th ed). Oxford University Press.
Lezak, M.D, Howieson DB, Bigler, E.D., & Tranel, D. (2012). Neuropsychologi-cal assessment. 5th ed. Oxford University Press.
Lubrini, G., Periáñez, J. A., Laseca-Zaballa, G., Bernabéu-Brotons, E., & Ríos-Lago, M. (2022). Verbal Fluency Tasks: Influence of Age, Gender, and Education and Normative Data for the Spanish Native Adult Population. Archives of clinical neuropsychology: the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 37(2), 365–375. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acab056
Machado, T. H., Fichman, H. C., Santos, E. L., Carvalho, V. A., Fialho, P. P., Koenig, A. M., ... & Caramelli, P. (2009). Normative data for healthy el-derly on the phonemic verbal fluency task-FAS. Dementia & Neuropsychologia, 3(1), 55-60. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-57642009DN30100011
Marino, J., & Alderete, A. M. (2010). Valores Normativos de Pruebas de Flui-dez Verbal Categoriales, Fonológicas, Gramaticales y Combinadas y Aná-lisis Comparativo de la Capacidad de Iniciación. Revista Española de Neuro-psicología, 10(1), 79-93.
Marko, M., Michalko, D., Dragašek, J., Vančová, Z., Jarčušková, D., & Riečanský, I. (2023). Assessment of automatic and controlled retrieval us-ing verbal fluency tasks. Assessment, 30(7), 2198-2211. https://doi.org/10.1177/10731911221117512
Mathuranath, P. S., George, A., Cherian, P. J., Alexander, A., Sarma, S. G., & Sarma, P. S. (2003). Effects of age, education and gender on verbal fluen-cy. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25(8), 1057-64. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.25.8.1057.16736
McDowd, J., Hoffman, L., Rozek, E., Lyons, K. E., Pahwa, R., Burns, J., & Kemper, S. (2011). Understanding verbal fluency in healthy aging, Alz-heimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychology, 25(2), 210–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021531
Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24(1), 167-202. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167
Moraes, A. L., Guimarães, L. S., Joanette, Y., Parente, M. A. D. M. P., Fonseca, R. P., & Almeida, R. M. M. D. (2013). Effect of aging, education, reading and writing, semantic processing and depression symptoms on verbal fluency. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 26, 680-690. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722013000400008
Nikolai, T., Bezdicek, O., Markova, H., Stepankova, H., Michalec, J., Kopecek, M., Dokoupilova, M., Hort, J., & Vyhnalek, M. (2018). Semantic verbal fluency impairment is detectable in patients with subjective cognitive de-cline. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 25(5), 448–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2017.1326047
Noble, K. G., Houston, S. M., Brito, N. H., Bartsch, H., Kan, E., Kuperman, J. M., & Akshoomoff, N. Amaral, D. G. Bloss, C. S. Libiger, O. Schork, N. J. Murray, S. S. Casey, B. J. Chang, L. Ernst, T. M. Frazier, J. A. Gruen, J. R. Kennedy, D. N. Van Zijl, P. … Sowell, E. R. (2015). Family income, parental education and brain structure in children and adolescents. Nature Neuroscience, 18(5), 773–778. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3983
Norris, M. P., Blankenship-Reuter, L., Snow-Turek, A. L., & Finch, J. (1995). Influence of depression on verbal fluency performance. Aging, Neuropsy-chology, and Cognition, 2(3), 206–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825589508256598
Özdemir, Ş., & Tunçer, A. (2021). Verbal Fluency: An Investigation of Time Variable among Elderly People. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 11(1), 133-139. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.727477
Pakhomov, S., Eberly, L. E., & Knopman, D. S. (2018). Recurrent persevera-tions on semantic verbal fluency tasks as an early marker of cognitive im-pairment. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 40(8), 832–840. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2018.1438372
Panico, F., Sagliano, L., Magliacano, A., Santangelo, G., & Trojano, L. (2022). The relationship between cognitive reserve and cognition in healthy adults: a systematic review. Current Psychology, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03523-y
Patra, A., Bose, A., & Marinis, T. (2020). Performance difference in verbal flu-ency in bilingual and monolingual speakers. Bilingualism: Language and Cog-nition, 23(1), 204-218. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728918001098
Pekkala, S. (2012). Verbal fluency tasks and the neuropsychology of language. In M. Faust (Ed.), The Handbook of the Neuropsychology of Language (pp. 619-634). Wiley-Blackwell.
Peña-Casanova, J., Quiñones-Ubeda, S., Gramunt-Fombuena, N., Quintana-Aparicio, M., Aguilar, M., Badenes, D., Cerulla, N., Molinuevo, J. L., Ruiz, E., Robles, A., Barquero, M. S., Antñunez, C., Martínez-Parra, C., Frak-García, A., Fernández, M., Alonso, V., Sol, J. M., Blesa, R., & the NEU-RONORMA Study Team. (2009). Spanish Multicenter Normative Studies (NEURONORMA Project): Norms for Verbal Fluency Tests. Arch Clin Neuropsychol, 24(4), 395–411. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acp042
Pereira, A. H., Gonçalves, A. B., Holz, M., Gonçalves, H. A., Kochhann, R., Joanette, Y., ... & Fonseca, R. P. (2018). Influence of age and education on the processing of clustering and switching in verbal fluency tasks. De-mentia & neuropsychologia, 12(4), 360-367. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642018dn12-040004
Pérez, M., Amayra, I., Lazaro, E., García, M., Martínez, O., Caballero, P., Be-rrocoso, S., López-Paz, J. F., Al-Rashaida, M., Rodríguez, A. A., Luna, P., & Varona, L. (2020). Intrusion errors during verbal fluency task in amyo-trophic lateral sclerosis. PloS One, 15(5), e0233349. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233349
Petersen, R. C. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256(3), 183-194.
Rami, L., Serradell, B., Bosch, B., Villar, A., Molinuevo, J. L. (2007). Valores normativos de test de función cognitiva frontal para la población mayor de 60 años (Eng. Trad.: Normative values of frontal cognitive function tests for the population over 60 years of age). Rev Neurol 45, 268-271
Ratcliff, G., Ganguli, M., Chandra, V., Sharma, S., Belle, S., Seaberg, E., & Pandav, R. (1998). Effects of literacy and education on measures of word fluency. Brain Language, 61(1), 115–122. https://doi.org/10.1006/brln.1997.1858
Rende, B., Ramsberger, G., & Miyake, A. (2002). Commonalities and differ-ences in the working memory components underlying letter and category fluency tasks: A dual-task investigation. Neuropsychology, 16(3), 309–321. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.16.3.309
Rofes, A., De Aguiar, V., Ficek, B., Wendt, H., Webster, K., & Tsapkini, K. (2019). The role of word properties in performance on fluency tasks in people with primary progressive aphasia. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 68(4), 1521–1534. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-180990
Roldán-Tapia, L., García, J., Cánovas, R., & León, I. (2012). Cognitive reserve, age, and their relation to attentional and executive functions. Applied Neu-ropsychology: Adult, 19(1), 2–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/09084282.2011.595458
Ruff, R.M., Light, R.H., Parker, S.B., & Levin, H.S. (1996). Benton controlled oral word association test: Reliability and updated norms. Archives of Clin-ical Neuropsychology, 11, 329–338.
Ruff, R., Light, R., Parker, S., & Levin, H. (1997). The psychological construct of word fluency. Brain Lang, 57, 394-405. https://doi.org/10.1006/brln.1997.1755
Santos Nogueira, D., Azevedo Reis, E., & Vieira, A. (2016). Verbal Fluency Tasks: Effects of Age, Gender, and Education. Folia phoniatrica et logopaedi-ca : official organ of the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (IALP), 68(3), 124–133. https://doi.org/10.1159/000450640
Schmidt, C. S. M., Nitschke, K., Bormann, T., Römer, P., Kümmerer, D., Mar-tin, M., Umarova, R. M., Leonhart, R., Egger, K., Dressing, A., Musso, M., Willmes, K., Weiller, C., & Kaller, C. P. (2019). Dissociating frontal and temporal correlates of phonological and semantic fluency in a large sample of left hemisphere stroke patients. NeuroImage: Clinical, 23, 101840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101840
Shao, Z., Janse, E., Visser, K., & Meyer, A. S. (2014). What do verbal fluency tasks measure? Predictors of verbal fluency performance in older adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 772. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00772
Shores, E., Carstairs, J., & Crawford, J. (2006). Excluded Letter Fluency Test (ELF): Norms and Test–Retest Reliability Data for Healthy Young Adults. Brain Impairment, 7(1), 26-32. https://doi.org/10.1375/brim.7.1.26
Simpson, I. C., Dumitrache, C. G., & Calet, N. (2019). Mental health symp-toms and verbal fluency in elderly people: Evidence from the Spanish longitudinal study of aging. Aging & Mental Health, 23(6), 670-679. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2018.1448969
Stewart, R., Richards, M., Brayne, C., & Mann, A. (2001). Cognitive function in UK community‐dwelling African Caribbean elders: normative data for a test battery. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16(5), 518-527. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.384
St-Hilaire, A., Hudon, C., Vallet, G. T., Bherer, L., Lussier, M., Gagnon, J. F., ... & Macoir, J. (2016). Normative data for phonemic and semantic verbal fluency test in the adult French–Quebec population and validation study in Alzheimer’s disease and depression. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 30(7), 1126-1150. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2016.1195014
Strauss, E., Sherman, E. M. S., Spreen, O., & Spreen, O. (2006). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary (3rd ed). Ox-ford University Press.
Tessaro, B., Hermes-Pereira, A., Schilling, L. P., Fonseca, R. P., Kochhann, R., & Hübner, L. C. (2020). Verbal fluency in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment in individuals with low educational level and its re-lationship with reading and writing habits. Dementia & Neuropsychologia, 14(3), 300-307. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642020dn14-030011
Thiele, K., Quinting, J. M., & Stenneken, P. (2016). New ways to analyze Word generation performance in brain injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis of additional performance measures. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 38(7), 764–781. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2016.1163327
Tombaugh, T. N., Kozak, J., & Rees, L. (1999). Normative data stratified by age and education for two measures of verbal fluency: FAS and animal naming. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 14(2), 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6177(97)00095-4
Tung, H., Lin, W. H., Lan, T. H., Hsieh, P. F., Chiang, M. C., Lin, Y. Y., & Peng, S. J. (2021). Network reorganization during verbal fluency task in fronto-temporal epilepsy: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 138, 541-549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.012
Turrini, S., Wong, B., Eldaief, M., Press, D., Sinclair, D. A., Koch, G., ... & Santarnecchi, E. (2023). The multifactorial nature of healthy brain ageing: brain changes, functional decline and protective factors. Ageing Research Reviews, 88, 101939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2023.101939
Venegas, M. J., & Mansur, L. L. (2011). Verbal fluency: Effect of time on item generation. Dementia & Neuropsychologia, 5(2), 104-107. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-57642011DN05020008
Vicente, S. G., Benito-Sánchez, I., Barbosa, F., Gaspar, N., Dores, A. R., Rive-ra, D., & Arango-Lasprilla, J. C. (2021). Normative data for Verbal Fluen-cy and Object Naming Tests in a sample of European Portuguese adult population. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2020.1868472
Vogel, A., Stokholm, J., & Jørgensen, K. (2019). Normative data for eight verbal fluency measures in older Danish adults. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 27(1), 114-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2019.1593935
Wang, Q., Sun, J., Ma, X., Wang, Y., Yao, J., Deng, W., Liu, X., Collier, D. A. & Li, T. (2011). Normative data on a battery of neuropsychological tests in the Han Chinese population. Journal of Neuropsychology, 5(1), 126-142. https://doi.org/10.1348/174866410X516803
Yesavage, J., Brink, T., Rose, T., Lum, Q., Huang, Y., Adey, M., Leirer, V.O (1983). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4.
Zimmermann, N., Parente, M. A. D. M. P., Joanette, Y., & Fonseca, R. P. (2014). Unconstrained, phonemic and semantic verbal fluency: age and education effects, norms and discrepancies. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 27, 55-63. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722014000100007
Derechos de autor 2026 Los autores

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Sobre Derechos de autor y Licencias, más detalles aquí.


