Efecto de las intervenciones en gestión emocional en estudiantes de medicina: una revisión de alcance
Resumen
Introducción: Los estudiantes de medicina enfrentan altos niveles de estrés y burnout durante su formación, lo cual afecta su bienestar psicológico y desempeño académico. Las intervenciones en gestión emocional han sido propuestas como estrategias para mitigar estos efectos adversos. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura conforme a lineamientos PRISMA. Se incluyeron estudios publicados entre 2019 y 2024 que evaluaron intervenciones dirigidas a mejorar la gestión o regulación emocional y la resiliencia en estudiantes de medicina. Se extrajeron datos de participantes, tipo de intervención y resultados (estrés, burnout, bienestar), y dada la heterogeneidad metodológica se efectuó una síntesis narrativa de los hallazgos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 24 estudios que implementaron intervenciones diversas, tales como programas de mindfulness/meditación, entrenamiento en resiliencia y psicología positiva, mentoría y grupos de apoyo entre pares, actividades artístico-reflexivas y módulos de autocuidado integrados al currículo. Aproximadamente 70% de los estudios reportó reducciones significativas del estrés percibido y ~50% mejoras en resiliencia o bienestar emocional. Cerca del 40% evidenció disminución del burnout. Algunas intervenciones también aumentaron la empatía y la autoeficacia en los participantes, aunque un estudio no halló efecto significativo. La heterogeneidad de diseños limitó la comparabilidad y pocos trabajos evaluaron efectos a largo plazo. Conclusiones: Las intervenciones de manejo emocional demostraron ser efectivas para disminuir el estrés y mejorar el bienestar de los estudiantes de medicina a corto plazo. Se recomienda integrar sistemáticamente estas estrategias en los planes de estudio, adaptándolas al contexto local. Además, se requieren estudios multicéntricos con asignación aleatorizada y seguimiento prolongado para confirmar beneficios sostenidos y optimizar su implementación.
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