Herramientas y escalas de evaluación en Psicología del deporte. Una revisión sistemática de revisiones
Resumen
La Psicología del Deporte ha experimentado en los últimos años un crecimiento sostenido en su producción científica, incrementando la necesidad de evaluar con rigor la calidad de la evidencia disponible. El objetivo de esta revisión de revisiones fue identificar y analizar las escalas de evaluación crítica metodológica utilizadas en revisiones aplicadas a la Psicología del deporte. Para ello, se siguieron las directrices de la Declaración PRISMA y se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva en bases de datos internacionales (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, entre otras). El protocolo fue registrado prospectivamente en OSF (2025). Se aplicaron criterios de inclusión y exclusión para seleccionar revisiones publicadas entre 2015 y 2025 que cumplieran estándares de calidad y transparencia metodológica. La extracción de datos se realizó mediante una matriz ad hoc y la calidad metodológica se evaluó con herramientas consolidadas como AMSTAR 2, GRADE, CASP y la JBI Checklist. Se incluyeron 128 revisiones, se identificaron 45 herramientas de evaluación crítica, siendo las más frecuentes MMAT, JBI, la Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Los resultados indicaron que, aunque existe un uso generalizado de herramientas críticas, la calidad metodológica global fue predominantemente baja o críticamente baja, mientras que las revisiones de alcance presentaron niveles más altos. En los metaanálisis se observaron tamaños del efecto de pequeños a moderados en flow y rendimiento (r = 0.31), intervenciones basadas en mindfulness (g = 0.49; IC 95%: 0.28–0.69) y reducción del burnout en atletas (d = −0.87; IC 95%: −1.25 a −0.48). Finalmente, se realizó un análisis complementario centrado en 13 revisiones con mayor calidad metodológica y efectos claramente estimados, consideradas las más sólidas para orientar la interpretación de los hallazgos.
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