El efecto de las experiencias traumáticas en los estilos de apego
Resumen
Las experiencias traumáticas son experiencias destructivas que afectan a los individuos en su edad adulta, dañando su sentido de confianza hacia ellos mismos, el mundo y otras personas, llevándolos a la desesperación. Este estudio tiene como objetivo probar el efecto de las experiencias traumáticas de la infancia sobre los estilos de apego en la edad adulta y averiguar qué tipo de experiencias traumáticas explican los estilos de apego y en qué medida. En la investigación se utilizó el método de encuesta relacional y los datos se analizaron con modelos de ecuaciones estructurales. El grupo de estudio está formado por 804 estudiantes de entre 17 y 24 años. Para la recopilación de datos se utilizó el Cuestionario de trauma infantil desarrollado por Berstein et al. (1997) y el cuestionario de escalas de relación desarrollado por Griffin y Bartholomew (1994). El estudio ha concluido que las experiencias traumáticas tienen un efecto negativo y significativo en el apego seguro y un efecto positivo en el apego temeroso y preocupado, pero no son un predictor significativo de descartar el apego. Como resultado del segundo modelo de la relación entre las experiencias traumáticas y las dimensiones del apego seguro e inseguro, se ha encontrado que las experiencias traumáticas tienen un efecto negativo significativo sobre el apego seguro, pero un efecto positivo significativo sobre el apego inseguro. Con el tercer modelo, se han examinado tres tipos de experiencias traumáticas para explicar los estilos de apego. La negligencia y el abuso físico, emocional y el abuso sexual han predicho un apego seguro de una manera negativa significativa y un estilo de apego inseguro de una manera positiva significativa. El estudio reveló el efecto de las experiencias traumáticas de la infancia en los estilos de apego.
Descargas
Citas
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Erlbaum.
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1989). Attachment beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44, 709-716. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.4.709
Arman, A. (2007). Çocuk psikiyatrisi bakış açısından çocuk istismarı ve ihmali. [Child abuse and neglect from the point of view of child psychiatry]. P. Oğuz (Ed.),Tüm boyutlarıyla çocuk istismarı: Önleme ve rehabilitasyon içinde (s.139-150). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
Arslan, E. (2021). Investigation of pre-school childrens’ self-concept in terms of emotion regulation skill, behavior and emotional status. Anales de psicología/Annals of psychology, 37(3), 508-515. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.364771
Arslan, E., Arslan, C. & Arı, R. (2012). An investigation of interpersonal problem solving approaches with respect to attachment styles. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice,12(1), 15-23.
Arslan, E., Durmuşoğlu Saltalı, N. & Yılmaz, H. (2011). Social skills and emotional and behavioural traits of preschool children. Social Behavior and Personality: An international journal, 39(9), 1281-1288. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2011.39.9.1281
Aslan, S. H., & Alparslan, N. (1999). The validity, reliability and factor structure of the childhood trauma questionnaire among a group of university students. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 10, 275-285.
Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7, 147- 178.
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226-241.
Bernet C. Z. & Stein M. B. (1999) Relationship of childhood maltreatment to the onset and course of major depression in adulthood. Depress Anxiety, 9, 169- 74.
Bernstein, D. P., Ahluvalia, T., Pogge, D., & Handelsman, L. (1997). Validity of the childhood trauma questionnaire in an adolescent psychiatric population. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(3), 340-348.
Bilginer, Ç., Hesapçioglu, S. T., ve Kandil, S. (2013). Çocukluk çağı cinsel istismarı: Mağdur ve sanık açısından çok yönlü bakış. [Childhood sexual abuse: a multifaceted view from a victim and defendant point of view]. Düşünen Adam, 26(1), 55-64. https://doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN2013260106
Bostancı, N., Akbayrak B., Bakoğlu, B. ve Çoban Ş. (2006). Üniversite öğrencilerinde çocukluk çağı travmalarının depresif belirtileri üzerine etkisi [Impact of childhood traumas on depressive symptoms in college students]. Yeni Sempozyum Dergisi, 44(2), 100–106.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and Anger. Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1979). The making and breaking of affectional bonds. London: Tavistock.
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books.
Bozdemir, F., & Gündüz, B. (2016). The relationships of attachment styles, parental attidues and traumatic childhood experiences with emotional intelligence, Journal of Human Sciences, 13(1), 1797-1814. https://doi.org/10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3700
Bulut, S. (2016). Çocuk cinsel istismarı hakkında bir derleme. [A compilation about child sexual abuse]. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(28), 139-156.
Cassidy, J. (1988). Child-mother attachment and the self in six-year-olds. Child Development, 59(1), 121–134. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130394
Cloitre, M., Stovall-McClough, C., Zorbas, P., & Charuvastra, A. (2008). Attachment organization, emotion regulation, and expectations of support in a clinical sample of women with childhood abuse histories. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 282–289. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20339
Crittenden, P. M. & Landini, A. (2011). The adult attachment interview: Assessing psychological and interpersonal strategies. Norton.
Dilmac, B., Arslan, C., Hamarta, E. (2009). Analysing the trait anxiety and locus of control of undergraduates in terms of attachment styles. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 9(1), 143-159.
Dobson, A. (2017). Mental health starts in the womb. Journal of Health Visiting, 5(12), 590-591. https://doi.org/10.12968/johv.2017.5.12.590
Durmusoglu Saltalı, N. & Arslan, E. (2011). An investigation of emotional skills of six-year-old children attending nursery school according to some variables. Educational Research and Reviews, 6(7), 536-541.
Dülger, M. (2019). Çocukluk çağı örselenmesinin bağlanma stili ve yetişkinlik başetme stratejilerine olan etkisi. [The effect of childhood trauma on attachment style and adulthood coping strategies]. [Unpublished master thesis],, Yakındoğu Üniversitesi.
Erozkan, A. (2016). The link between types of attachment and childhood trauma. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(5), 1071-1079. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2016.040517
Gencer, Ö., Özbek, A., Özyurt, G., & Kavurma, C. (2016). A comparison of extra and intra-familial sexual abuse. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 17(1), 56-65. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.1419190512
Griffin, D. W. & Bartholomew, K. (1994). Relationship Scales Questionnaire. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Hazan C., & Shaver, P. R. (1990). Love and work: An attachment theoretical perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5(1), 1-22.
Kalı Soyer, M., Senol, A. & Calık Tumerdem, K. B. (2021). Investigation of adults’ childhood traumas in terms of some variables. Humanistic Perspective, 3(2), 324-343.
Karadag, M. (2021). Emdr integrative group treatment for female adolescents victims of sexual abuse with complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 12(Suppl 1), 43-51. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.686609
Karasar, N. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi [Scientific research method]. Nobel Yayın Dagıtım.
Kisiel, C. L., Fehrenbach, T., Torgersen, E., Stolbach, B., McClelland, G., Grifin, G., et al. (2013). Constellations of interpersonal trauma and symptoms in child welfare: Implications for a developmental trauma framework. Journal of family violence, 29(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-013-9559-0
Küçük, S. (2016). Analyses of child sex abuse cases in Turkey: a provincial case. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 25(3), 262-275. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2016.1153557
Kinniburgh, K. J., Blaustein, M., Spinazzola, J., & Van der Kolk, B. A. (2017). Attachment, Self-Regulation, and Competency: A comprehensive intervention framework for children with complex trauma. Psychiatric Annals, 35(5), 424-430. https://doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20050501-08
Lök, N., Başoğul, C., & Öncel, S. (2016). Effects of domestic violence on children and significance of psychosocial support. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 8(2), 155-161.
Main, M. (1990). Cross-cultural studies of attachment organization: Recent studies, changing methodologies, and the concept of conditional strategies. Human Development, 33, 48-61. https://doi.org/10.1159/000276502
Mikulincer, S, Shaver P. R. (2007). Attachment in Adulthood: Structure, Dynamics, and Change. Guilford Press.
Morina, N., Schnyder, U., Schick, M. et al. (2016). Attachment style and interpersonal trauma in refugees. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(12) 1161–1168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867416631432
O'Hagan, K. P. (1995). Emotional and psychological abuse: Problems of definition. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19(4), 449-461.
Örsel, S., Karadağ, H., Karaoğlan-Kahiloğulları, A. & Akgün-Aktaş, E. (2011). The frequency of childhood trauma and relationship with psychopathology in psychiatric patients. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 12, 130-136.
Ozcan, N. K., Boyacioglu, N. E., Enginkaya,S. Bilgin, H., & Tomruk, N. B. (2016). The relationship between attachment styles and childhood trauma: a transgenerational perspective - a controlled study of patients with psychiatric disorders. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 25, 2357–2366. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13274
Özen, Ş., Antar, S. & Özkan, M. (2007). Çocukluk çağı travmalarının umutsuzluk, sigara ve alkol kullanımı üzerine etkisi; üniversite son sınıf öğrencilerini inceleyen bir çalışma [Influence of childhood traumas on hopelessness, smoking and alcohol use: a study to evaluate last year university students]. Düşünen Adam, 20(2), 79-87.
Pelendecioğlu, B., & Bulut, S. (2009). Çocuğa Yönelik Aile İçi Fiziksel İstismar [Physical abuse in the family settings]. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Dergisi, 9(1), 49-62.
Raby, K. L., Labella, M. H., Martin, J., Carlson, E. A., & Roisman, G. I. (2017). Childhood abuse and neglect and insecure attachment states of mind in adulthood: Prospective, longitudinal evidence from a high-risk sample. Development and Psychopathology, 29(2), 347-363. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579417000037
Read, J., Fosse, R., Moskowitz, A. et al. (2014). The traumagenic neurodevelopmental model of psychosis revisited. Neuropsychiatry, 9(1), 65-79. https://doi.org/10.2217/NPY.13.89
Rothbard, J. C., & Shaver, P. R. (1994). Continuity of attachment across the life span. In M. B. Sperling and W. H. Berman (Eds.), Attachment in adults: Clinical and developmental perspectives (pp. 31-72) NewYork: The Guilford Press.
Ross, S., Sharma-Patel, K., Brown, E., Huntt, J., & Chaplin, W. (2021). Complex trauma and Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: How do trauma chronicity and PTSD presentation affect treatment outcome?. Child Abuse & Neglect, 111(1), 104734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104734
Savcı, M., & Aysan, F. (2016). The role of attachment styles, peer relations, and affections in predicting internet addiction, Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 3(3), 401-432. https://doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2016.3.0028
Sitko, K., Bentall, R. P., Shevlin, M. & Sellwood, W. (2014) Associations between specific psychotic symptoms and specific childhood adversities are mediated by attachment styles: an analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey. Psychiatry Research, 217, 202–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.03.019
Sümer, N. & Güngör, D. (1999). Yetişkin bağlanma stilleri ölçeklerinin Türk örneklemi üzerinde psikometrik değerlendirmesi ve kültürler arası bir karşılaştırma [Psychometric evaluation of adult attachment styles scales on a Turkish sample and a cross-cultural comparison], Turkish Journal of Psychology, 14, 71-106.
Şenkal, İ. & Işıklı, S. (2015). Childhood traumas and attachment style-associated depression symptoms: the mediator role of alexithymia. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 26(4), 261-267.
Topbaş, M. (2004). A big shame of mankind: Child abuse. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 3(4), 76-80.
Turhan, E., Sangün, Ö., & İnandı, T. (2006). Child abuse and prevention in primary care. Journal of Contuining Medical Education, 15(9), 153-157.
TUIK (2021). Güvenlik Birimine Gelen veya Getirilen Çocuk İstatistikleri 2020. [Child Statistics Incoming or Brought to the Security Unit 2020]. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Guvenlik-Birimine-Gelenveya-Getirilen-Cocuk-Istatistikleri-2020-37200&dil=1.
UNICEF (2010). Türkiye’de çocuk istismarı ve aile içi şiddet araştırması [Child abuse and domestic violence research in Turkey]. http://atud.org.tr/kutuphane/unisefrapor.pdf
Wamser-Nanney, R., & Vandenberg, B. R. (2013). Empirical support for thedefinition of a complex trauma event in children and adolescents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26, 671–678. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21857
WHO (2017). Violence and injury prevention. https://.who.intwww/violenceinjury prevention/vilonece/child/en/.
Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., Kozakowski, S. S., & Chauhan, P. (2018). Does adult attachment style mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and mental and physical health outcomes?. Child Abuse and Neglect, 76, 533-545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.05.002
Yektaş, Ç., Tufan, A. E., Büken, B., Çetin, N. Y., & Yazici, M. (2018). Evaluation of abuse and abuser’s features and risk factors associated with psychopathology in children and adolescents victimized by sexual abuse. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 19(5), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.291908
Yıldız, S. (2007). İlköğretim II. kademesindeki çocuklara yönelik istismarın ve ihmalin çeşitli değişkenler yönünden incelenmesi. [Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi][ Primary Education II. Investigation of abuse and neglect of children at the level of education in terms of various variables. (Unpublished master's thesis)]. Sakarya Üniversitesi.
Yılmaz, G., İşiten, N. Ertan, Ü. ve Öner, A. (2003). Bir Çocuk İstismarı Vakası [A Case of Child Abuse]. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi, 46, 295-298.
Yoder, J. R., Grady, M., & Dillard, R. (2018). Maternal caregiving practices and child abuse experiences as developmental antecedents to insecure attachments: differential pathways between adolescents who commit sexual and non-sexual crimes. Sexual Abuse, 31(7), 837-861. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063218784557
Zerenoğlu, L. (2011). Üniversite öğrencilerinin bağlanma stilleriyle çocukluktaki örselenme yaşantıları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. [Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi][ Investigation of the relationship between the attachment styles of university students and their childhood traumatic experiences. (Unpublished doctoral thesis)]. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi.
Derechos de autor 2022 Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Murcia (España)
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Las obras que se publican en esta revista están sujetas a los siguientes términos:
1. El Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia (la editorial) conserva los derechos patrimoniales (copyright) de las obras publicadas, y favorece y permite la reutilización de las mismas bajo la licencia de uso indicada en el punto 2.
© Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, 2024
2. Las obras se publican en la edición electrónica de la revista bajo una licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (texto legal). Se pueden copiar, usar, difundir, transmitir y exponer públicamente, siempre que: i) se cite la autoría y la fuente original de su publicación (revista, editorial y URL de la obra); ii) no se usen para fines comerciales; iii) se mencione la existencia y especificaciones de esta licencia de uso.
3. Condiciones de auto-archivo. Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir electrónicamente las versiones pre-print (versión antes de ser evaluada y enviada a la revista) y/o post-print (versión evaluada y aceptada para su publicación) de sus obras antes de su publicación, ya que favorece su circulación y difusión más temprana y con ello un posible aumento en su citación y alcance entre la comunidad académica. Color RoMEO: verde.
