Enseñanza del parto instrumental con fórceps basado en simulación: una revisión sistemática exploratoria
Resumo
Introducción: La adquisición de habilidades para la atención de partos instrumentalizados con fórceps se ha vuelto más desafiante debido a la disminución de la tasa de partos instrumentales a nivel mundial. Por lo tanto, se ha vuelto fundamental optimizar las estrategias y métodos de enseñanza de estos procedimientos en los residentes de Obstetricia y Ginecología. Objetivo: Exponer los métodos de enseñanza reportados en la literatura para la atención de partos con fórceps y su contribución al aprendizaje y adquisición de habilidades en residentes. Material y métodos: Revisión sistemática de la literatura mediante el protocolo PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews en la base de datos de WOS y SCOPUS. Se consideraron artículos originales publicados en español e inglés, sin delimitación temporal, referidos a los métodos o modelos de enseñanza de atención de partos instrumentalizados con fórceps. Se seleccionaron aquellos artículos de acuerdo con el objetivo de la investigación. Los autores revisaron y sintetizaron de forma independiente la información de los artículos incluidos. Resultados: Seis estudios fueron revisados y organizados en tres categorías: i) Tipos de método de enseñanza: destacaron las simulaciones de alta y baja fidelidad, así como métodos integrativos de simulaciones y clases teóricas. ii) Efectividad en la adquisición de habilidades y percepciones de los participantes: se evidenciaron progresos en habilidades técnicas, mayor confianza y satisfacción por parte de los residentes, además de mejores resultados clínicos. iii) Patrones y desarrollo de herramientas educativas: los simuladores avanzados permitieron replicar escenarios clínicos y optimizar las fuerzas aplicadas durante el procedimiento, además la retroalimentación inmediata permite perfeccionar la corrección de errores. Conclusiones: Esta revisión destaca la importancia de los métodos de enseñanza basados en simulación y currículos educativos estructurados para mejorar tanto las habilidades técnicas como la confianza de los residentes en la ejecución de partos instrumentales con fórceps.
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