Design and validation of a Questionnaire to quantify the Mental Load in Team Sports (QMLST)
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to design and validate a questionnaire to quantify the mental load in team sports. Four items with Likert scale format (1-10) composed the instrument: physical, cognitive, emotional and affective exigence. A group of expert judges (n = 10) participated in the design. Later, a total of 218 semi-professionals soccer players (M = 22.40; SD = 2.25) answered the questionnaire after a training session. The internal consistency was evaluated with Cronbach´s α (.73) and ω (.75). The concurrent validity was evaluated with Visual Analogue Scale´s and Ratio Perceived Exertion´s bivariate correlations (p < .05). Thus, the present questionnaire is a reliability and adequate instrument for asses the specific mental load in team sports.
Downloads
References
American Psychological Association (2010). APA Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6a ed.). Washington: autor.
Buchheit, M., Lacome, M., Cholley, Y., y Simpson, B. M. (2018). Neuromuscular responses to conditioned soccer sessions assessed via GPS-Embedded accelerometers: Insights into tactical periodization. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(5), 577–583. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0045
Coutinho, D., Gonçalves, B., Travassos, B., Wong, D. P., Coutts, A. J., y Sampaio, J. E. (2017). Mental fatigue and spatial references impair soccer players' physical and tactical performances. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1645-1653. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01645
Costa, J. A., Brito, J., Nakamura, F. Y., Figueiredo, P., y Rebelo, A. (2019). Using the rating of perceived exertion and heart rate to quantify training intensity in female soccer players: Validity and utility. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, in press. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003407
Cronbach, L.J. (1990). Essentials of psychological testing (5th Ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
Facco, E., Stellini, E., Bacci, C., Manani, G., Pavan, C., Cavallin, F., y Zanette, G. (2013). Validation of visual analogue scale for anxiety (VAS-A) in preanesthesia evaluation. Minerva Anestesiológica, 79(12), 1389–1395.
Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. Los Angeles: Sage publications.
Fink, A., Rominger, C., Benedek, M., Perchtold, C. M., Papousek, I., Weiss, E. M., Seidel, A., y Memmert, D. (2018). EEG alpha activity during imagining creative moves in soccer decision-making situations. Neuropsychologia, 114, 118–124.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.025
García Calvo, T. (2017). The mental load of training in football: Conceptual aspects for its assessment and training. Revista de Preparación Física en el Fútbol, 24, 23–33.
García-Calvo, T., González-Ponce, I., Ponce, J. C., Tomé-Lourido, D., y Vales-Vázquez, Á. (2019). Incidence of the tasks scoring system on the mental load in football training. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 28(2), 79-86.
IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp
Ishii, A., Tanaka, M., y Watanabe, Y. (2014). Neural mechanisms of mental fatigue. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 25(4), 469–479. https://doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2014-0028
Jollant, F., Voegeli, G., Kordsmeier, N. C., Carbajal, J. M., Richard-Devantoy, S., Turecki, G., y Cáceda, R. (2019). A visual analog scale to measure psychological and physical pain: A preliminary validation of the PPP-VAS in two independent samples of depressed patients. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 90, 55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.10.018
Martin, K., Meeusen, R., Thompson, K. G., Keegan, R., y Rattray, B. (2018). Mental Fatigue Impairs Endurance Performance: A Physiological Explanation. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 48(9), 2041–2051.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0946-9
Moreira, A., Aoki, M. S., Franchini, E., da Silva Machado, D. G., Paludo, A. C., y Okano, A. H. (2018). Mental fatigue impairs technical performance and alters neuroendocrine and autonomic responses in elite young basketball players. Physiology & Behavior, 196, 112–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.08.015
Nédélec, M., McCall, A., Carling, C., Legall, F., Berthoin, S., y Dupont, G. (2012). Recovery in soccer: part I - post-match fatigue and time course of recovery. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 42(12), 997–1015.
https://doi.org/10.2165/11635270-000000000-00000
Pageaux, B., y Lepers, R. (2018). The effects of mental fatigue on sport-related performance. Progress in brain research, 240, 291–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.10.004
Polit, D., y Hungler, B. (2000). Investigación científica en Ciencias de la Salud (6ª ed.). México: McGraw-Hill.
Russell, S., Jenkins, D., Smith, M., Halson, S., y Kelly, V. (2019). The application of mental fatigue research to elite team sport performance: New perspectives. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 22(6), 723–728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.12.008
Smith, M. R., Coutts, A. J., Merlini, M., Deprez, D., Lenoir, M., y Marcora, S. M. (2016). Mental Fatigue Impairs Soccer-Specific Physical and Technical Performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 48(2), 267–276. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000762
Smith, M. R., Fransen, J., Deprez, D., Lenoir, M., y Coutts, A. J. (2017). Impact of mental fatigue on speed and accuracy components of soccer-specific skills. Science and Medicine in Football, 1, 48–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1252850
Teques, P., Duarte, D., y Viana, J. (2019). Coaches’ emotional intelligence and reactive behaviors in soccer matches: Mediating effects of coach efficacy beliefs. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1629. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01629
Thompson, C. J., Fransen, J., Skorski, S., Smith, M. R., Meyer, T., Barrett, S., y Coutts, A. J. (2019). Mental fatigue in football: Is it time to shift the goalposts? An evaluation of the current methodology. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 49(2), 177–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-1016-z
Thompson, C. J., Noon, M., Towlson, C., Perry, J., Coutts, A. J., Harper, L. D., …, y Meyer, T. (2020). Understanding the presence of mental fatigue in English academy soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(13), 1524–1530. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1746597
Valles, M. (2003). Técnicas cualitativas de investigación social: Reflexión metodológica y práctica profesional. Madrid: Editorial Síntesis.
Van Cutsem, J., Marcora, S., De Pauw, K., Bailey, S., Meeusen, R., y Roelands, B. (2017). The effects of mental fatigue on physical performance: A Systematic review. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 47(8), 1569–1588.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0672-0
Van Cutsem, J., Roelands, B., Pluym, B., Tassignon, B., Verschueren, J. O., DE Pauw, K., y Meeusen, R. (2020). Can Creatine Combat the Mental Fatigue-associated Decrease in Visuomotor Skills?. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 52(1), 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002122
- 20-04-2021 (2)
- 20-04-2021 (1)
Las obras que se publican en esta revista están sujetas a los siguientes términos:
1. El Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia (la editorial) conserva los derechos patrimoniales (copyright) de las obras publicadas, y favorece y permite la reutilización de las mismas bajo la licencia de uso indicada en el punto 2.
2. Las obras se publican en la edición electrónica de la revista bajo una licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 3.0 España (texto legal). Se pueden copiar, usar, difundir, transmitir y exponer públicamente, siempre que: i) se cite la autoría y la fuente original de su publicación (revista, editorial y URL de la obra); ii) no se usen para fines comerciales; iii) se mencione la existencia y especificaciones de esta licencia de uso.
3. Condiciones de auto-archivo. Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir electrónicamente las versiones pre-print (versión antes de ser evaluada) y/o post-print (versión evaluada y aceptada para su publicación) de sus obras antes de su publicación, ya que favorece su circulación y difusión más temprana y con ello un posible aumento en su citación y alcance entre la comunidad académica. Color RoMEO: verde.