Prevalencia y factores sociodemográficos y académicos asociados a problemas de salud mental en estudiantes universitarios españoles
Resumen
Se ha evidenciado un incremento de problemas mentales en estudiantes universitarios a nivel mundial. Hemos investigado la prevalencia de problemas mentales comunes en estudiantes de una universidad pública española y su asociación con factores sociodemográficos y académicos. 2862 estudiantes completaron en línea el Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente (PHQ, PHQ-9), la Escala para el Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada (GAD-7) y preguntas sociodemográficas y académicas. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística multivariados. El 69,1% presentaron al menos uno de los problemas evaluados, siendo el trastorno de ansiedad generalizada (48,9%) y el trastorno depresivo mayor (47,4%) los más frecuentes. El 67,6% de las personas con riesgo de sufrir un problema, tenían riesgo de sufrir múltiples problemas. Ser mujer, minoría de género, vivir con compañeros, cursar primer año de grado y estar al final del semestre estaba asociado a mayor riesgo de sufrir al menos un problema. Algunos factores asociados con un problema individual variaron según el problema. Estudiar ciencias de la salud tenía un riesgo menor de depresión mayor y ser varón un mayor riesgo de consumo de alcohol. Dada la alta prevalencia de estudiantes con riesgo, medidas preventivas dirigidas especialmente a los grupos más vulnerables son necesarias.
Descargas
Citas
Ahmed, I., Hazell, C. M., Edwards, B., Glazebrook, C., & Davies, E. B. (2023). A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies exploring prevalence of non-specific anxiety in undergraduate university students. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 240. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04645-8
Alhaj, O. A., Fekih-Romdhane, F., Sweidan, D. H., Saif, Z., Khudhair, M. F., Ghazzawi, H., Nadar, M. S., Alhajeri, S. S., Levine, M. P., & Jahrami, H. (2022). The prevalence and risk factors of screen-based disordered eating among university students: A global systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Eating and Weight Disorders: EWD, 27(8), 3215–3243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-022-01452-0
Alibudbud, R. (2023). Gender in mental health: Comparison of the rate and social factors of depression, anxiety, and stress among young adult Filipino heterosexual cisgender men and women and LGBT+ individuals. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 69(2), 430–437. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207640221106874
Arnett, J. J., Žukauskienė, R., & Sugimura, K. (2014). The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18-29 years: Implications for mental health. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 1(7), 569–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00080-7
Auerbach, R. P., Alonso, J., Axinn, W. G., Cuijpers, P., Ebert, D. D., Green, J. G., Hwang, I., Kessler, R. C., Liu, H., Mortier, P., Nock, M. K., Pinder-Amaker, S., Sampson, N. A., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., Andrade, L. H., Benjet, C., Caldas-de-Almeida, J. M., Demyttenaere, K., … Bruffaerts, R. (2016). Mental disorders among college students in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Psychological Medicine, 46(14), 2955–2970. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716001665
Auerbach, R. P., Mortier, P., Bruffaerts, R., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Cuijpers, P., Demyttenaere, K., Ebert, D. D., Green, J. G., Hasking, P., Murray, E., Nock, M. K., Pinder-Amaker, S., Sampson, N. A., Stein, D. J., Vilagut, G., Zaslavsky, A. M., Kessler, R. C., & WHO WMH-ICS Collaborators. (2018). WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and distribution of mental disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 127(7), 623–638. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000362
Ballester, L., Alayo, I., Vilagut, G., Almenara, J., Cebrià, A. I., Echeburúa, E., Gabilondo, A., Gili, M., Lagares, C., Piqueras, J. A., Roca, M., Soto-Sanz, V., Blasco, M. J., Castellví, P., Mortier, P., Bruffaerts, R., Auerbach, R. P., Nock, M. K., Kessler, R. C., … UNIVERSAL study group. (2020). Mental disorders in Spanish university students: Prevalence, age-of-onset, severe role impairment and mental health treatment. Journal of Affective Disorders, 273, 604–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.050
Bangasser, D. A., & Cuarenta, A. (2021). Sex differences in anxiety and depression: Circuits and mechanisms. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 22(11), Article 11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-021-00513-0
Bassols, A. M., Okabayashi, L. S., Silva, A. B. da, Carneiro, B. B., Feijó, F., Guimarães, G. C., Cortes, G. N., Rohde, L. A., & Eizirik, C. L. (2014). First- and last-year medical students: Is there a difference in the prevalence and intensity of anxiety and depressive symptoms? Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil: 1999), 36(3), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1183
Basta, M., Micheli, K., Koutra, K., Fountoulaki, M., Dafermos, V., Drakaki, M., Faloutsos, K., Soumaki, E., Anagnostopoulos, D., Papadakis, N., & Vgontzas, A. N. (2022). Depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescents and young adults in Greece: Prevalence and associated factors. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 8, 100334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100334
Blasco, M. J., Vilagut, G., Almenara, J., Roca, M., Piqueras, J. A., Gabilondo, A., Lagares, C., Soto-Sanz, V., Alayo, I., Forero, C. G., Echeburúa, E., Gili, M., Cebrià, A. I., Bruffaerts, R., Auerbach, R. P., Nock, M. K., Kessler, R. C., Alonso, J., & UNIVERSAL study group. (2019). Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors: Prevalence and Association with Distal and Proximal Factors in Spanish University Students. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 49(3), 881–898. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12491
Bootsma, E., Jansen, L., Kiekens, G., Voorpoels, W., Mortier, P., Proost, S., Vande Poel, I., Jacobs, K., Demyttenaere, K., Alonso, J., Kessler, R. C., Cuijpers, P., Auerbach, R. P., & Bruffaerts, R. (2023). Mood disorders in higher education in Flanders during the 2nd and 3rd COVID-19 wave: Prevalence and help-seeking: Findings from the Flemish College Surveys (FLeCS). Journal of Psychiatric Research, 159, 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.01.017
Breslau, J., Lane, M., Sampson, N., & Kessler, R. C. (2008). Mental disorders and subsequent educational attainment in a US national sample. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42(9), 708–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.01.016
Campbell, F., Blank, L., Cantrell, A., Baxter, S., Blackmore, C., Dixon, J., & Goyder, E. (2022). Factors that influence mental health of university and college students in the UK: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1778. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13943-x
Capdevila-Gaudens, P., García-Abajo, J. M., Flores-Funes, D., García-Barbero, M., & García-Estañ, J. (2021). Depression, anxiety, burnout and empathy among Spanish medical students. PloS One, 16(12), e0260359. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260359
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed (pp. xxvii, 886). (1994). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Diez-Quevedo, C., Rangil, T., Sanchez-Planell, L., Kroenke, K., & Spitzer, R. L. (2001). Validation and utility of the patient health questionnaire in diagnosing mental disorders in 1003 general hospital Spanish inpatients. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63(4), 679–686. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-200107000-00021
Duffy, M. E., Twenge, J. M., & Joiner, T. E. (2019). Trends in Mood and Anxiety Symptoms and Suicide-Related Outcomes Among U.S. Undergraduates, 2007-2018: Evidence From Two National Surveys. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 65(5), 590–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.04.033
Estudio sobre “la salud mental en el estudiantado de las universidades españolas” -. (n.d.). Retrieved 2 January 2024, from https://www.universidades.gob.es/estudio-sobre-la-salud-mental-en-el-estudiantado-de-las-universidades-espanolas/
Fernández-Rodríguez, C., Soto-López, T., & Cuesta, M. (2019). Needs and demands for psychological care in university students. Psicothema, 31(4), 414–421. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2019.78
García-Campayo, J., Zamorano, E., Ruiz, M. A., Pérez-Páramo, M., López-Gómez, V., & Rejas, J. (2012). The assessment of generalized anxiety disorder: Psychometric validation of the Spanish version of the self-administered GAD-2 scale in daily medical practice. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 10(1), 114. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-10-114
Gunnell, D., Caul, S., Appleby, L., John, A., & Hawton, K. (2020). The incidence of suicide in University students in England and Wales 2000/2001-2016/2017: Record linkage study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 261, 113–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.079
Hernández-Torrano, D., Ibrayeva, L., Sparks, J., Lim, N., Clementi, A., Almukhambetova, A., Nurtayev, Y., & Muratkyzy, A. (2020). Mental Health and Well-Being of University Students: A Bibliometric Mapping of the Literature. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1226. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01226
Hudson, J. I., Hiripi, E., Pope, H. G., & Kessler, R. C. (2007). The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biological Psychiatry, 61(3), 348–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.040
Ishii, T., Tachikawa, H., Shiratori, Y., Hori, T., Aiba, M., Kuga, K., & Arai, T. (2018). What kinds of factors affect the academic outcomes of university students with mental disorders? A retrospective study based on medical records. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 32, 67–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2017.11.017
Kang, H. K., Rhodes, C., Rivers, E., Thornton, C. P., & Rodney, T. (2021). Prevalence of Mental Health Disorders Among Undergraduate University Students in the United States: A Review. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 59(2), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20201104-03
Kang, H.-J., Park, Y., Yoo, K.-H., Kim, K.-T., Kim, E.-S., Kim, J.-W., Kim, S.-W., Shin, I.-S., Yoon, J.-S., Kim, J. H., & Kim, J.-M. (2020). Sex differences in the genetic architecture of depression. Scientific Reports, 10(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66672-9
Kavvadas, D., Kavvada, A., Karachrysafi, S., Papaliagkas, V., Chatzidimitriou, M., & Papamitsou, T. (2023). Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Levels among University Students: Three Years from the Beginning of the Pandemic. Clinics and Practice, 13(3), 596–609. https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract13030054
Kaźmierczak, I., Zajenkowska, A., Rogoza, R., Jonason, P. K., & Ścigała, D. (2023). Self-selection biases in psychological studies: Personality and affective disorders are prevalent among participants. PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0281046. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281046
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2010). The Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales: A systematic review. General Hospital Psychiatry, 32(4), 345–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006
Lázaro-Pérez, C., Munuera Gómez, P., Martínez-López, J. Á., & Gómez-Galán, J. (2023). Predictive Factors of Suicidal Ideation in Spanish University Students: A Health, Preventive, Social, and Cultural Approach. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(3), 1207. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12031207
Levis, B., Benedetti, A., & Thombs, B. D. (2019). Accuracy of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for screening to detect major depression: Individual participant data meta-analysis. The BMJ, 365, l1476. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l1476
Li, W., Zhao, Z., Chen, D., Peng, Y., & Lu, Z. (2022). Prevalence and associated factors of depression and anxiety symptoms among college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 63(11), 1222–1230. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13606
Limone, P., & Toto, G. A. (2022). Factors That Predispose Undergraduates to Mental Issues: A Cumulative Literature Review for Future Research Perspectives. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 831349. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.831349
Lipson, S. K., Lattie, E. G., & Eisenberg, D. (2019). Increased Rates of Mental Health Service Utilization by U.S. College Students: 10-Year Population-Level Trends (2007–2017). Psychiatric Services, 70(1), 60–63. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201800332
Lipson, S. K., Zhou, S., Wagner, B., Beck, K., & Eisenberg, D. (2016). Major Differences: Variations in Undergraduate and Graduate Student Mental Health and Treatment Utilization Across Academic Disciplines. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 30(1), 23–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/87568225.2016.1105657
Liu, Y., Frazier, P. A., Porta, C. M., & Lust, K. (2022). Mental health of US undergraduate and graduate students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: Differences across sociodemographic groups. Psychiatry Research, 309, 114428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114428
Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ginkel, J. R. V. (2016). Multiple Imputation of missing values in exploratory factor analysis of multidimensional scales: Estimating latent trait scores. Anales de Psicología / Annals of Psychology, 32(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.32.2.215161
Lynch, S. J., Sunderland, M., Newton, N. C., & Chapman, C. (2021). A systematic review of transdiagnostic risk and protective factors for general and specific psychopathology in young people. Clinical Psychology Review, 87, 102036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102036
McCann, E., & Brown, M. (2017). Discrimination and resilience and the needs of people who identify as Transgender: A narrative review of quantitative research studies. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26(23–24), 4080–4093. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13913
McCloud, T., & Bann, D. (2019). Financial stress and mental health among higher education students in the UK up to 2018: Rapid review of evidence. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 73(10), 977–984. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-212154
McGrath, J. J., Lim, C. C. W., Plana-Ripoll, O., Holtz, Y., Agerbo, E., Momen, N. C., Mortensen, P. B., Pedersen, C. B., Abdulmalik, J., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., Alonso, J., Bromet, E. J., Bruffaerts, R., Bunting, B., de Almeida, J. M. C., de Girolamo, G., De Vries, Y. A., Florescu, S., … de Jonge, P. (2020). Comorbidity within mental disorders: A comprehensive analysis based on 145 990 survey respondents from 27 countries. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 29, e153. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796020000633
McHugh, R. K., Votaw, V. R., Sugarman, D. E., & Greenfield, S. F. (2018). Sex and Gender Differences in Substance Use Disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 66, 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.012
McLafferty, M., Brown, N., Brady, J., McLaughlin, J., McHugh, R., Ward, C., McBride, L., Bjourson, A. J., O’Neill, S. M., Walsh, C. P., & Murray, E. K. (2022). Variations in psychological disorders, suicidality, and help-seeking behaviour among college students from different academic disciplines. PloS One, 17(12), e0279618. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279618
Muñoz-Navarro, R., Cano-Vindel, A., Medrano, L. A., Schmitz, F., Ruiz-Rodríguez, P., Abellán-Maeso, C., Font-Payeras, M. A., & Hermosilla-Pasamar, A. M. (2017). Utility of the PHQ-9 to identify major depressive disorder in adult patients in Spanish primary care centres. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 291. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1450-8
Newcomb, M. E., Hill, R., Buehler, K., Ryan, D. T., Whitton, S. W., & Mustanski, B. (2020). High Burden of Mental Health Problems, Substance Use, Violence, and Related Psychosocial Factors in Transgender, Non-Binary, and Gender Diverse Youth and Young Adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(2), 645–659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01533-9
Ochnik, D., Rogowska, A. M., Kuśnierz, C., Jakubiak, M., Schütz, A., Held, M. J., Arzenšek, A., Benatov, J., Berger, R., Korchagina, E. V., Pavlova, I., Blažková, I., Aslan, I., Çınar, O., & Cuero-Acosta, Y. A. (2021). Mental health prevalence and predictors among university students in nine countries during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-national study. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 18644. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97697-3
Patrick, M. E., Rhew, I. C., Duckworth, J. C., Lewis, M. A., Abdallah, D. A., & Lee, C. M. (2020). Patterns of Young Adult Social Roles Transitions Across 24 Months and Subsequent Substance Use and Mental Health. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49(4), 869–880. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01134-8
Ramón-Arbués, E., Gea-Caballero, V., Granada-López, J. M., Juárez-Vela, R., Pellicer-García, B., & Antón-Solanas, I. (2020). The Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and Stress and Their Associated Factors in College Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 7001. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197001
Ruiz-Hernández, J. A., Guillén, Á., Pina, D., & Puente-López, E. (2022). Mental Health and Healthy Habits in University Students: A Comparative Associative Study. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 12(2), 114–126. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe12020010
Seehuus, M., Moeller, R. W., & Peisch, V. (2021). Gender effects on mental health symptoms and treatment in college students. Journal of American College Health: J of ACH, 69(1), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2019.1656217
Seo, C., Di Carlo, C., Dong, S. X., Fournier, K., & Haykal, K.-A. (2021). Risk factors for suicidal ideation and suicide attempt among medical students: A meta-analysis. PloS One, 16(12), e0261785. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261785
Sheldon, E., Simmonds-Buckley, M., Bone, C., Mascarenhas, T., Chan, N., Wincott, M., Gleeson, H., Sow, K., Hind, D., & Barkham, M. (2021). Prevalence and risk factors for mental health problems in university undergraduate students: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 287, 282–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.054
Spagert, L., Janssen, C., & Geigl, C. (2022). Mental health indicators and their lifestyle associations in German students: A gender-specific multivariable analysis. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1413. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13777-7
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., & Williams, J. B. (1999). Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: The PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire. JAMA, 282(18), 1737–1744. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.18.1737
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., Kroenke, K., Hornyak, R., & McMurray, J. (2000). Validity and utility of the PRIME-MD patient health questionnaire in assessment of 3000 obstetric-gynecologic patients: The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire Obstetrics-Gynecology Study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 183(3), 759–769. https://doi.org/10.1067/mob.2000.106580
Stallman, H. M. (2010). Psychological distress in university students: A comparison with general population data. Australian Psychologist, 45(4), 249–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050067.2010.482109
Steare, T., Gutiérrez Muñoz, C., Sullivan, A., & Lewis, G. (2023). The association between academic pressure and adolescent mental health problems: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 339, 302–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.028
Storrie, K., Ahern, K., & Tuckett, A. (2010). A systematic review: Students with mental health problems--a growing problem. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 16(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-172X.2009.01813.x
Tate, C. C., Ledbetter, J. N., & Youssef, C. P. (2013). A two-question method for assessing gender categories in the social and medical sciences. Journal of Sex Research, 50(8), 767–776. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2012.690110
ter Meulen, W. G., Draisma, S., van Hemert, A. M., Schoevers, R. A., Kupka, R. W., Beekman, A. T. F., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2021). Depressive and anxiety disorders in concert–A synthesis of findings on comorbidity in the NESDA study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 284, 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.004
Wang, X., Hegde, S., Son, C., Keller, B., Smith, A., & Sasangohar, F. (2020). Investigating Mental Health of US College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Survey Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(9), e22817. https://doi.org/10.2196/22817
World Health Organization. (2021). Suicide worldwide in 2019: Global health estimates. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240026643
Xiao, H., Carney, D. M., Youn, S. J., Janis, R. A., Castonguay, L. G., Hayes, J. A., & Locke, B. D. (2017). Are we in crisis? National mental health and treatment trends in college counseling centers. Psychological Services, 14(4), 407–415. https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000130
Derechos de autor 2025 Anna Huguet, Josefa Canals-Sans, Sharlene Rozario, Sanjay Rao, Maria Victoria Arija-Val, David Navarro-Gonzalez
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Sobre Derechos de autor y Licencias, más detalles aquí.
