Development and validation of the technology-facilitated sexual violence myth acceptance scale

Aiken, L. R. (1980). Content validity and reliability of single items or questionnaires. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 40(4), 955–959. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316448004000419

Anderson, B., & Wood, M. A. (2021). Doxxing: A scoping review and typology. The Emerald International Handbook of Technology-Facilitated Violence and Abuse, 205–226. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83982-848-520211015

Bates, S. (2017). Revenge porn and mental health: A qualitative analysis of the mental health effects of revenge porn on female survivors. Feminist Criminology, 12(1), 22–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085116654565

Bailey, J., Henry, N., & Flynn, A. (2021). Technology-facilitated violence and abuse: International perspectives and experiences. In J. Bailey, N. Henry, & A. Flynn (Eds.), The Emerald International Handbook of Technology-Facilitated Violence and Abuse (pp. 1–17). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83982-848-520211001

Benítez-Hidalgo, V., Henares-Montiel, J., Ruiz-Pérez, I., & Pastor-Moreno, G. (2024). International prevalence of technology-facilitated sexual violence against women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 26(4), 668-681. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380241286813

Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2018). Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: A primer. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149

Bohner, G., Weiss, A., Megias, J. (2022). AMMSA-21: A revised version of the acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression scale in English, German, Polish and Spanish. International journal of social psychology, 37(3), 460–491. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2022.2083291

Borrajo, E., & Calvete, E. (2015). Justification beliefs of violence, myths about love and cyber dating abuse. Psicothema, 27(4), 327–333. DOI: 10.7334/psicothema2015.59

Brown, C., & Hegarty, K. (2021). Development and validation of the TAR scale: A measure of technology-facilitated abuse in relationships. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 3, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100059

Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). Guilford Publications.

Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005

Buchanan, N., & Mahoney, A. (2022). Development of a scale measuring online sexual harassment: Examining gender differences and the emotional impact of sexual harassment victimization online. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 27(1), 63–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12197

Carpenter, S. (2018). Ten steps in scale development and reporting: A guide for researchers. Communication Methods and Measures, 12(1), 25–44. DOI: 10.1080/19312458.2017.1396583

Chatzisymeonidis, S., & Pina, A. (2024). Exploring police attitudes on victims’ delayed reporting and victim blame in technology-facilitated IPV. Crime Science, 13(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-024-00213-x

Champion, A. R., Oswald, F., Khera, D., & Pedersen, C. L. (2022). Examining the gendered impacts of technology-facilitated sexual violence: A mixed methods approach. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(3), 1607–1624. DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02226-y

Christensen, A. P., & Golino, H. (2021a). Estimating the stability of psychological dimensions via bootstrap exploratory graph analysis: A Monte Carlo simulation and tutorial. Psych, 3(3), 479–500. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych3030032

Christensen, A. P., & Golino, H. (2021b). On the equivalency of factor and network loadings. Behavior Research Methods, 53(4), 1563–1580. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-020-01500-6

Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309–319. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Abingdon. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587

Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555

Cross, C., Holt, T., Powell, A., & Wilson, M. (2021). Responding to cybercrime: Results of a comparison between community members and police personnel. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, (635), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.52922/ti78207

Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24(4), 349–354. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047358

De Araújo, A. V. M., Bonfim, C. V. do, Bushatsky, M., & Furtado, B. M. A. (2022). Technology-facilitated sexual violence: A review of virtual violence against women. Research, Society and Development, 11(2), e57811225757–e57811225757. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i2.25757

Domínguez-Lara, S. (2018). Propuesta de puntos de corte para cargas factoriales: una perspectiva de fiabilidad de constructo [Proposal for cut-offs for factor loadings: A construct reliability perspective]. Enfermería Clínica, 28(6), 401–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2018.06.002

Domínguez-Lara, S., & Merino-Soto, C. (2018). Evaluación de las malas especificaciones en modelos de ecuaciones estructurales [Testing misspecifications in structural equation modeling]. Revista Argentina de Ciencias del Comportamiento, 10(2), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.30882/1852.4206.v10.n2.19595

Domínguez-Lara, S., & Rodriguez, A. (2017). Statistical indices from bifactor models. Interacciones, 3(2), 59–65. https://doi.org/10.24016/2017.v3n2.51

Dunn, S. (2020). Technology-facilitated gender-based violence: An overview (Supporting a Safer Internet Paper No. 1). Centre for International Governance Innovation. https://www.cigionline.org/publications/technology-facilitated-gender-based-violence-overview/

Epskamp, S. (2020). Bootnet: Bootstrap methods for various network estimation routines. https://cran.r-project.org/package=bootnet

Epskamp, S. (2021). Psychonetrics: Structural equation modeling and confirmatory network analysis. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=psychonetrics

Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D., & Fried, E. I. (2018). Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper. Behavior Research Methods, 50(1), 195–212. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-0862-1

Epskamp, S., Cramer, A. O. J., Waldorp, L. J., Schmittmann, V. D., & Borsboom, D. (2012). qgraph: Network Visualizations of Relationships in Psychometric Data. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(4), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i04

Epskamp, S., & Fried, E. I. (2018). A tutorial on regularized partial correlation networks. Psychological Methods, 23(4), 617–634. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000167

eSafety Commissioner (2023) Technology-facilitated abuse: family, domestic and sexual violence literature scan, Canberra: Australian Government. https://www.esafety.gov.au/research/literature-scan-of-tech-based-family-domestic-and-sexual-violence

Finney S. J., & DiStefano C. (2006). Non-normal and categorical data in structural equation modeling. In G. R. Hancock & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), Structural Equation Modeling. A Second Course (pp. 269–314). Information Age Publishing.

Fisico, R., & Harkins, L. (2021). Technology and sexual offending. Current Psychiatry Reports, 23, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-021-01269-1

Flores-Kanter, P. E., Domínguez-Lara, S., Trógolo, M. A., & Medrano, L. A. (2018). Best practices in the use of bifactor models: Conceptual grounds, fit indices and complementary indicators. Revista Evaluar, 18(3), 44–48. https://doi.org/10.35670/1667-4545.v18.n3.22221

Flynn, A., Hindes, S., & Powell, A. (2022a). Technology-facilitated abuse: Interviews with victims and survivors and perpetrators. Australia's National Research Organisation for Women's Safety (ANROWS). https://www.anrows.org.au/publication/technology-facilitated-abuse-interviews-with-victims-and-survivors-and-perpetrators/

Flynn, A., Powell, A., & Hindes, S. (2021). Technology-facilitated abuse: A survey of support services stakeholders. (Research Report, 02/2021). ANROWS. https://www.anrows.org.au/publication/technology-facilitated-abuse-a-survey-of-support-services-stakeholders/

Flynn, A., Powell, A., & Hindes, S. (2022b). Technology-facilitated gender-based violence: Developing an integrated theoretical framework. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 23(1), 155–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020933874

Flynn, A., Powell, A., Scott, A. J., & Cama, E. (2022c). Deepfakes and digitally altered imagery abuse: A cross-country exploration of an emerging form of image-based sexual abuse. The British Journal of Criminology, 62(6), 1341-1358. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azab111

Gámez-Guadix, M., Sorrel, M. A., & Martínez-Bacaicoa, J. (2022). Technology-facilitated sexual violence perpetration and victimization among adolescents: A network analysis. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 20, 1000–1012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-022-00775-y

Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (2001). An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. American Psychologist, 56(2), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.2.109

Golino, H., Shi, D., Christensen, A. P., Garrido, L. E., Nieto, M. D., Sadana, R., Thiyagarajan, J. A., & Martinez-Molina, A. (2020). Investigating the performance of exploratory graph analysis and traditional techniques to identify the number of latent factors: A simulation and tutorial. Psychological Methods, 25(3), 292-320. DOI: 10.1037/met0000255

Henry, N., Flynn, A., & Powell, A. (2018). Policing image-based sexual abuse: Stakeholder perspectives. Police Practice and Research, 19(6), 565-581. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2018.1507892

Henry, N., McGlynn, C., Flynn, A., Johnson, K., Powell, A., & Scott, A., J. (2020). Image-based sexual abuse: A study on the causes and impacts of non-consensual nude or sexual imagery (1st Ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351135153

Henry, N., & Powell, A. (2015). Embodied harms: Gender, shame, and technology-facilitated sexual violence. Violence Against Women, 21(6), 758–779. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801215576581

Henry, N., & Powell, A. (2016). Sexual violence in the digital age: The scope and limits of criminal law. Social & Legal Studies, 25(4), 397-418. https://doi.org/10.1177/0964663915624273

Henry, N., & Powell, A. (2018). Technology-facilitated sexual violence: A literature review of empirical research. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 19(2), 195-208. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016650189

Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

Hunsley, J., & Mash, E.J. (2008). Developing criteria for evidence-based assessment: An introduction to assessment that works. In J. Hunsley & E. J. Mash (Eds.) A guide to assessments that work (pp. 3–14). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195310641.001.0001

Isvoranu, A. M., & Epskamp, S. (2023). Which estimation method to choose in network psychometrics? Deriving guidelines for applied researchers. Psychological Methods, 28(4), 925–946. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000439

Johnson, N. L., & Johnson, D. M. (2021). An empirical exploration into the measurement of rape culture. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(1–2), NP70-NP95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517732347

Killean, R., McAlinden, A. M., & Dowds, E. (2022). Sexual violence in the digital age: replicating and augmenting harm, victimhood and blame. Social & Legal Studies, 31(6), 871-892. DOI: 10.1177/09646639221086592

Koon-Magnin, S., & Schulze, C. (2019). Providing and receiving sexual assault disclosures: Findings from a sexually diverse sample of young adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(2), 416–441. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516641280

Koukopoulos, N., Janickyj, M., & Tanczer, L. M. (2025). Defining and conceptualizing technology-facilitated abuse (“tech abuse”): Findings of a global delphi study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605241310465

Li, L. (2025). Rape myth acceptance in the digital age: The effects of using dating apps and the moderation role of gender. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2025(1). https://doi.org/10.1155/hbe2/9091296.

Machackova, H., Blaya, C., Bedrosova, M., Smahel, D., & Staksrud, E. (2020). Children’s experiences with cyberhate. EU Kids Online. https://doi.org/10.21953/lse.zenkg9xw6pua

Madadizadeh, F., & Bahariniya, S. (2023). Tutorial on how to calculating content validity of scales in medical research. Perioperative Care and Operating Room Management, 31, 100315-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcorm.2023.100315

Martínez-Bacaicoa, J., Alonso-Fernández, M., Wachs, S., & Gámez-Guadix, M. (2023). Prevalence and motivations for technology-facilitated gender-and sexuality-based violence among adults: A mixed-methods study. Sex Roles, 89(11), 670-684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-023-01412-7

Martínez-Bacaicoa, J., Sorrel, M. A., & Gámez-Guadix, M. (2024). Development and validation of technology-facilitated sexual violence perpetration and victimization scales among adults. Assessment, 31(8), 1580-1597. DOI: 10.1177/10731911241229575

McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M.-H. R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 64–82. https://doi.org10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.64

Murray, C., Mercado Guerra, J., Calderón, C., & Bahamondes, J. (2023). Mitos de violación en YouTube: Comentarios en el caso de Antonia Barra [Rape myths on Youtube: Comments on the Antonia Barra case]. Psykhe (Santiago), 32(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/psykhe.2021.43549

Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2015). Mplus User’s guide (7th ed.). Muthén & Muthén.

Payne, D. L., Lonsway, K. A., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1999). Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale--Short Form (IRMA-SF) [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t09511-000

Pina, A., Holland, J., & James, M. (2017). The malevolent side of revenge porn proclivity: Dark personality traits and sexist ideology. International Journal of Technoethics, 8 (1), 30–43. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJT.2017010103

Ponterotto, J., & Charter, R. (2009). Statistical extensions of Ponterotto and Ruckdeschel’s (2007) reliability matrix for estimating the adequacy of internal consistency coefficients. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 108(3), 878–886. https://doi.org/10.2466/PMS.108.3.878-886

Powell, A., & Henry, N. (2017). Sexual violence in a digital age. Palgrave Macmillan. DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-58047-4

Powell, A., Henry, N., & Flynn, A., & Scott, A. J. (2019). Image-based sexual abuse: The extent, nature, and predictors of perpetration in a community sample of Australian residents. Computers in Human Behavior 92, 393–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.009

Powell, A., Scott, A. J., Flynn, A., & McCook, S. (2022). Perpetration of image-based sexual abuse: Extent, nature and correlates in a multi-country sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(23-24), NP22864-NP22889. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211072266

Powell, A., Scott, A. J., Flynn, A., & McCook, S. (2024). A multi-country study of image-based sexual abuse: Extent, relational nature and correlates of victimisation experiences. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 30(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2022.2119292

Powell, A., Scott, A. J., & Henry, N. (2020). Digital harassment and abuse: Experiences of sexuality and gender minority adults. European Journal of Criminology, 17(2), 199-223. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370818788006

Powell, A., Stratton, G., & Cameron, R. (2018). Digital criminology: Crime and justice in digital society (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315205786

Powell, A., Scott, A. J., Flynn, A., & McCook, S. (2022). Perpetration of image-based sexual abuse: Extent, nature and correlates in a multi-country sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(23-24), NP22864-NP22889. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211072266

Rackley, E., McGlynn, C., Johnson, K., Henry, N., Gavey, N., Flynn, A., & Powell, A. (2021). Seeking justice and redress for victim-survivors of image-based sexual abuse. Feminist Legal Studies, 29(3), 293-322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10691-021-09460-8

Reynolds, W. M., (1982). Development of reliable and valid short forms of the marlowe-crowne social desirability scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38(1), 119–125. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198201)38:1<119::AID-JCLP2270380118>3.0.CO;2-I

Rindestig, F. C., Gådin, K. G., Jonsson, L., Svedin, C. G., Landberg, Å., & Dennhag, I. (2025). A latent class analysis of technology-facilitated sexual violence: Associations to other victimizations, psychiatric symptoms, and gender. Child Abuse & Neglect, 161, 107309. https://doi.org/0.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107309

Ringrose, J; Regehr, K; Milne, B; (2021) Understanding and combatting youth experiences of image-based sexual harassment and abuse. Department of Education, Practice and Society, UCL Institute of Education: London, UK. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10139669

Robinaugh, D. J., Millner, A. J., & McNally, R. J. (2016). Identifying highly influential nodes in the complicated grief network. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125(6), 747–757. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000181

Rodríguez-Castro, Y., Alonso-Ruido, P., González-Fernández, A., Lameiras-Fernández, M., & Carrera-Fernández, M. V. (2017). Spanish adolescents' attitudes towards sexting: Validation of a scale. Computers in Human Behavior, 73, 375-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.049

Rodríguez, M., & Ruiz, M. (2008). Atenuación de la asimetría y de la curtosis de las puntuaciones observadas mediante transformaciones de variables: Incidencia sobre la estructura factorial [Attenuation of the asymmetry and kurtosis of observed scores through variable transformations: Impact on the factorial structure]. Psicológica, 29, 205–227. https://www.uv.es/psicologica/articulos2.08/6RODRIGUEZ.pdf

Rodríguez, A., Reise, S.P., & Haviland, M.G. (2016). Applying bifactor statistical indices in the evaluation of psychological measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(3), 223-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2015.1089249

Ryan, K.M. (2013). Issues of reliability in measuring intimate partner violence during courtship. Sex Roles, 69, 131–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0233-4

Saris, W. E., Satorra, A., & van der Veld, W. M. (2009). Testing structural equation modeling or detection of misspecifications? Structural Equation Modeling, 16(4), 561–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510903203433

Schulze, C., & Koon-Magnin, S. (2017). Gender, sexual orientation, and rape myth acceptance: Preliminary findings from a sample of primarily LGBQ-identified survey respondents. Violence and Victims, 32(1), 159–180. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-15-00017

See, W. W. (2017). Differences of rape myth acceptance between genders: A systematic review. In Graduate Research in Education Seminar (GREduc) (pp. 43–51). Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia. http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/58751

Seewald, L., Walsh, T. B., Tolman, R. M., Lee, S. J., Reed, L. A., Ngo, Q., & Singh, V. (2022). Technology-facilitated abuse prevalence and associations among a nationally representative sample of young men. The Annals of Family Medicine, 20(1), 12-17. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.2758.

Sheikh, M. M. R., & Rogers, M. M. (2024). Technology-facilitated sexual violence and abuse in low and middle-income countries: A scoping review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 25(2), 1614-1629. DOI: 10.1177/15248380231191189

Silva Santos, I. L., Pimentel, C. E., & Mariano, T. E. (2023). Cyberstalking scale: Development and relations with gender, FOMO and social media engagement. Current Psychology, 42(6), 4802–4810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01823-3

Sparks, B., Stephens, S., & Trendell, S. (2023). Image-based sexual abuse: Victim-perpetrator overlap and risk-related correlates of coerced sexting, non-consensual dissemination of intimate images, and cyberflashing. Computers in Human Behavior, 148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107879.

Suarez, E., & Gadalla, T. M. (2010). Stop blaming the victim: A meta-analysis on rape myths. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(11), 2010–2035. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509354503

Tziallas, E. (2015). Gamified eroticism: Gay male “social networking” applications and self-pornography. Sexuality & Culture, 19, 759-775. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-015-9288-z

University of Jaén (2021). Code of Good Practice in Research. https://www.ujaen.es/gobierno/vicinv/sites/gobierno_vicinv/files/uploads/SERVICIOS%20T%C3%89CNICOS%20DE%20INVESTIGACI%C3%93N.pdf

Urban, R. E., & Porras Pyland, C. (2022). Development and preliminary validation of the gender inclusive rape myth acceptance scale. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(21-22), NP20630–NP20652. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211055076

Víllora, B., Navarro, R., & Yubero, S. (2019). Abuso online en el noviazgo y su relación con el abuso del móvil, la aceptación de la violencia y los mitos sobre el amor [Cyber dating abuse and its association with mobile abuse, acceptance of violence and myths of love]. Suma Psicológica, 26(1), 46-54. https://doi.org/10.14349/sumapsi.2019.v26.n1.6

Vizcaíno-Cuenca, R., Romero-Sánchez, M., & Carretero-Dios, H. (2025). (Cyber)rape culture: Development and validation of the acceptance of myths about cyber-sexual violence against women (AMCYS) scale in Spanish and English. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 49(2), 277–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843251330248

Walker, K., Sleath, E., Hatcher, R. M., Hine, B., & Crookes, R. L. (2021). Nonconsensual sharing of private sexually explicit media among university students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(17-18), NP9078-NP9108. DOI: 10.1177/0886260519853414

Weare, S., & Willmott, D. (2024). The forced‐to‐penetrate myth acceptance scale (FTP‐MAS): A new attitudinal tool for assessing myths that surround female perpetrated sexual violence against men. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 43(1), 158–168. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2706

Wolford-Clevenger, C., Zapor, H., Brasfield, H., Febres, J., Elmquist, J., Brem, M., Shorey, R. C., &

Stuart, G. L. (2016). An examination of the partner cyber abuse questionnaire in a college student sample. Psychology of Violence, 6(1), 156. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0039442

Woodlock, D., McKenzie, M., Western, D., & Harris, B. (2020). Technology as a weapon in domestic violence: Responding to digital coercive control. Australian Social Work, 73(3), 368-380. https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2019.1607510

Zinbarg, R. E., Yovel, I., Revelle, W., & McDonald, R. P. (2006). Estimating generalizability to a latent variable common to all of a scale's indicators: A comparison of estimators for ωh. Applied Psychological Measurement, 30(2), 121–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146621605278814

Zvi, L. (2022). The double standard toward female and male victims of non-consensual dissemination of intimate images. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(21-22), NP20146-NP20167. DOI: 10.1177/08862605211050109

Zvi, L., & Shechory-Bitton, M. (2020). Police officer perceptions of non-consensual dissemination of intimate images. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2148. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02148