Cyberstalking and Harmony in Life: Serial mediation by Social Media Addiction and Digital Well-Being

Andreassen, C. S., Billieux, J., Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., Demetrovics, Z., Mazzoni, E., & Pallesen, S. (2016). The relationship between ad-dictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychi-atric disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional study. Psychology of Addic-tive Behaviors, 30(2), 252. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000160

Bachman, L. F. (2004). Statistical analyses for language assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.)

Błachnio, A., Przepiorka, A., & Pantic, I. (2016). Association between fa-cebook addiction, self-esteem and life satisfaction: A cross-sectional study. Computers in Human Behavior, 55(Part B), 701–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.10.026

Büchi, M., Festic, N., & Latzer, M. (2019). Digital overuse and subjective well-being in a digitized society. Social Media+Society, 5(4), https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119886031

Büchi, M. (2024). Digital well-being theory and research. New Media & Society, 26(1), 172–189. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211056851

Burr, C., Taddeo, M., & Floridi, L. (2020). The ethics of digital well-being: A thematic review. Science and Engineering Ethics, 26(4), 2313–2343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-020-00175-8

Carreno, D. F., Eisenbeck, N., Pérez-Escobar, J. A., & García-Montes, J. M. (2021). Inner harmony as an essential facet of well-being: a multi-national study during the covid-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.648280

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New Jer-sey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları [Multivariate sta-tistics for the social sciences: SPSS and LISREL applications]. Pegem Akademik: Ankara

Dambrun, M., & Ricard, M. (2011). Self-centeredness and selflessness: a theory of self-based psychological functioning and its consequences for happiness. Review of General Psychology, 15(2), 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0023059.

Dennis, M., & Ziliotti, E. (2023). Living well together online: Digital wellbeing from a Confucian perspective. Journal of Applied Philoso-phy, 40(2), 263-279. https://doi.org/10.1111/japp.12627

Dreßing, H., Bailer, J., Anders, A., Wagner, H., & Gallas, C. (2014). Cy-berstalking in a large sample of social network users: prevalence, char-acteristics, and impact upon victims. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 17(2), 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0231

Duradoni, M., Colombini, G., Barucci, C., Zagaglia, V., & Guazzini, A. (2025). Psychopathological correlates of dysfunctional smartphone and social media use: the role of personality disorders in technological addiction and digital life balance. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 15(7), 136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15070136

Faulhaber, M. E., Lee, J. E., & Gentile, D. A. (2023). The effect of self-monitoring limited social media use on psychological well-being. Technology, Mind, and Behavior, 4(2: Summer 2023). https://doi.org/10.1037/tmb0000111

Fissel, E. R., & Reyns, B. W. (2020). The aftermath of cyberstalking: School, work, social, and health costs of victimization. American Jour-nal of Criminal Justice, 45(1), 70–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-019-09489-1

Garcia, D., Al Nima, A., & Kjell, O. N. (2014). The affective profiles, psychological well-being, and harmony: environmental mastery and self-acceptance predict the sense of a harmonious life. PeerJ, 2, e259. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.259

Hayes, A. F. (2012). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for ob-served variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process mod-eling [White paper]. Retrieved from http://www.afhayes.com/ pub-lic/process2012.pdf

Kabat-Zinn J. (2005). Bringing mindfulness to medicine. Interview by Ka-rolyn A. Gazella. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 11(3), 56–64.

Kabat-Zinn, J. (2023). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. Hachette UK.

Kashdan, T. B., & Rottenberg, J. (2010). Psychological flexibility as a fun-damental aspect of health. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 865–878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.001

Kashdan, T. B., Disabato, D. J., Goodman, F. R., Doorley, J. D., & McKnight, P. E. (2020). Understanding psychological flexibility: A multimethod exploration of pursuing valued goals despite the presence of distress. Psychological Assessment, 32(9), 829–850. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000834

Kircaburun, K., Demetrovics, Z., Király, O., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Childhood emotional trauma and cyberbullying perpetration among emerging adults: A multiple mediation model of the role of problemat-ic social media use and psychopathology. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 18(3), 548–566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9941-5

Kjell, O. N. E., Daukantaitė, D., Hefferon, K., & Sikström, S. (2016). The harmony in life scale complements the satisfaction with life scale: Ex-panding the conceptualization of the cognitive component of subjec-tive well-being. Social Indicators Research, 126(2), 893–919. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0903-z

Kjell, O. N. E., Nima, A. A., Sikström, S., Archer, T., & Garcia, D. (2013). Iranian and Swedish adolescents: differences in personality traits and well-being. PeerJ, 1, e197. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.197.

Koçak, L, Özgöl, M. ve Demir, M. (2023). Siber stalklama ölçeği’nin Türk kültürüne uyarlanması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Adaptation of the cyberstalking scale to turkish culture: validity and reliability study]. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(ÖS), 256-263. doi:10.33206/mjss.1344604

Kostyrka-Allchorne, K., Stoilova, M., Bourgaize, J., Rahali, M., Livingsto-ne, S., & Sonuga-Barke, E. (2023). Review: Digital experiences and their impact on the lives of adolescents with pre-existing anxiety, dep-ression, eating and nonsuicidal self-injury conditions - a systematic re-view. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 28(1), 22–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12619

Küçüksille E. (2014). Çoklu doğrusal regresyon modeli [Multıple linear regres-sion model]. Ş Kalaycı (editor), SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatis-tik teknikleri [SPSS applied multivariate statistical techniques]. 6. Baskı [6th edition]. Ankara: Asil Yayıncılık, 2014. 257-270.

Malas, O., Khan, M., Zubair, A., Guazzini, A., & Duradoni, M. (2025). Psychometric validation of the digital life balance scale in Urdu and its relationship with life satisfaction, social media addiction, and internet addiction. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2025(1). https://doi.org/10.1155/hbe2/7873343.

Maple, C., Short, E., Brown, A., Bryden, C., & Salter, M. (2012). Cyber-stalking in the UK: Analysis and recommendations. International Jour-nal of Distributed Systems and Technologies , 3, 34-51. https://doi.org/10.4018/jdst.2012100104

Marsh, E., Perez Vallejos, E., & Spence, A. (2024). Mindfully and confi-dently digital: A mixed methods study on personal resources to miti-gate the dark side of digital working. PloS One, 19(2), e0295631. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295631

Morling, B., & Evered, S. (2006). Secondary control reviewed and defined. Psychological Bulletin, 132(2), 269–296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.269.

Nguyen, M. H., Büchi, M., & Geber, S. (2022). Everyday disconnection experiences: Exploring people’s understanding of digital well-being and management of digital media use. New Media & Society, 26(6), 3657-3678. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221105428

Öztürk, E. (2018, September 12-14) Dijital devrimin güncel kavramlarından biri de dijital iyi oluş mu?(bir ölçek geliştirme çalışması)[ Is digital well-being one of the current concepts of the digital revolution? (A scale deve-lopment study)] [Conference presentation]. 6. International Symposi-um on Instructional Technologies and Teacher Education, Edirne, Trakya University. https://ittes.org.tr/dosyalar/files/IttesArsivi/2018/Full-Text-ITTES_v16.pdf

Paquette, V., Houlfort, N., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2022). Thriving through adversity: the role of passion and emotions in the resilience process. Journal of Personality, 91(3), 789-805. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12774

Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strate-gies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879

Randa, R., Fansher, A. K., & Reyns, B. W. (2026). Cyberstalking perpetra-tion by college students: The effects of low self-control and prior vic-timization. Journal of Criminal Justice, 102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102556

Reyns, B. W., Henson, B., & Fisher, B. S. (2012). Stalking in the twilight zone: Extent of cyberstalking victimization and offending among col-lege students. Deviant Behavior, 33(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2010.538364

Satici, S. A., & Göçet-Tekin, E. (2017). Harmony in life scale-Turkish version: Studies of validity and reliability. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 30, 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-017-0073-9

Silva Santos, I. L., Pimentel, C. E. & Mariano, T. E. (2023). Cyberstalking scale: Development and relations with gender, FOMO and social me-dia engagement. Current Psychology, 42, 4802–4810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01823-3

Stevens, F., Nurse, J. R. C., & Arief, B. (2021). Cyber stalking, cyber har-assment, and adult mental health: A systematic review. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 24(6), 367–376. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0253

Twenge, J. M. (2019). More time on technology, less happiness? Associati-ons between digital-media use and psychological well-being. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(4), 372–379. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48553300

Ulman, J. B. (2015). Structural equation modeling. Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (Ed). Use of multivariate statistics (p. 681-786) inside. Ankara: Nobel.

Vanden Abeele, M., & Nguyen, M. H. (2024). Digital media as ambiguous goods : examining the digital well-being experiences and disconnection practices of Belgian adults. European Journal of Communication, 39(2), 122–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/02673231231201487

Wasie, T. (2024). Screen to green: Navigating the digital dilemma (Vol. 1). Teshome Wasie.

Weekes, C. J., Storey, J. E., & Pina, A. (2025). Cyberstalking perpetrators and their methods: A systematic literature review. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 15248380251333411. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380251333411

Worsley, J. D., Wheatcroft, J. M., Short, E., & Corcoran, R. (2017). Vic-tims’ voices: Understanding the emotional impact of cyberstalking and individuals’ coping responses. Sage Open, 7(2), 2158244017710292. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017710292