On the origin of language: A review of biological, anthropological and psychological evidence
Abstract
The origin of language is one of the most widely discussed topics in the field of Humanities. Fortunately, we currently have a wide range of evidence that allows us to investigate this issue empirically. Thus, the aim of this paper is to revise some of this evidence, focusing particularly on biological, anthropological and psychological data. Finally, we will try to show that, although such evidence includes disparate data about the origin of language in the genus Homo, in reality they are not incompatible and perhaps speak in favour of an early language not necessarily based on oral communication.Downloads
References
AIELLO, L. y R. I. M. DUNBAR (1993): «Neocortex size, group size, and the evolution of lan-guage», Current Anthropology, 34(2), pp. 184-193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/204160
ALEMSEGED, Z., F. SPPOR, W. H. KIMBEL, R. BOBE, D. GERAADS, D. REED y J. G. WYNN (2006): «A juvenile early hominin skeleton from Dikika, Ethiopia», Nature, 443, pp. 296-301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05047
ARBIB, M. A., K. LIEBAL y S. PIKA (2008): «Primate vocalization, gesture, and the evolution of human language», Current anthropology, 49(6), pp. 1053-1076. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/593015
ARENSBURG, B., A. M. TILLIER, B. VANDERMEERSCH, H. DUDAY, L. A. SCHEPARTZ y K. RAY (1989): «A middle Palaeolithic human hyoid bone», Nature, 338, pp. 758-760. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/338758a0
ARSUAGA, J. L. y I. MARTÍNEZ (2001): La especie elegida. La larga marcha de la evolución humana, Barcelona, Círculo de Lectores.
BADDELEY, A. D. (1986): Working memory, Nueva York, Oxford University Press.
BARNEY, A., S. MARTELLI, A. SERRURIER y J. STEELE (2012): «Articulatory capacity of Neanderthals, a very recent and human-like fossil hominin», Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 367, pp. 88-102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0259
BEDNARIK, R. G. (2007): «Antiquity and authorship of the Chauvet rock art», Rock Art Re-search, 24, pp. 21-34. En línea: <http://www.ifrao.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/24-1-Chauvet.pdf> [16/09/2023].
BENÍTEZ-BURRACO, A. y Ll. BARCELÓ-COBLIJN (2015): El origen del lenguaje, Madrid, Síntesis.
BENÍTEZ-BURRACO A. y C. BOECKX (2015): «Possible functional links among brain- and skull-related genes selected in modern humans», Frontiers in Psychology, 16(6), pp. 1-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00794
BLANCO-ELORRIETA, E., I. KASTNER, K. EMMOREY y L. PYLKKÄNEN (2018): «Shared neural correlates for building phrases in signed and spoken language», Scientific Reports, 8, pp. 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23915-0
BOECKX, C. y A. BENÍTEZ-BURRACO (2014): «The shape of the human language-ready brain», Frontiers in Psychology, 5, pp. 1-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00282
BOUZOUGGAR, A. et al. (2007): «82,000-Year-Old Shell Beads from North Africa and Implications for the Origins of Modern Human Behavior», Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, pp. 9964-9969. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703877104
BROOKS, A. S. et al. (2018): «Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age», Science, 360, pp. 90-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2646
BRUNER, E. (2017): «Language, Paleoneurology, and the Fronto-Parietal System», Frontiers of Human Neuroscience, 11, 349, pp. 1-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00349
BRUNER, E. (2018): «Human paleoneurology and the evolution of the parietal cortex», Brain, Behaviour and Evolution, 91(3), pp. 136-147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000488889
BRUNER, E., A. BATTAGLIA-MAYER y R. CAMINITI (2023): «The parietal lobe evolution and the emergence of material culture in the human genus», Brain Structure and Function, 228, pp. 145-167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-022-02487-w
CHOMSKY, N. (1968): Language and mind, Nueva York, Harper and Row.
CONDE VALVERDE, M. (2022): «El lenguaje. En busca de las primeras palabras», Origen. Cua-dernos de Atapuerca, 24, pp. 1-32.
CONDE VALVERDE, M., I. MARTÍNEZ, R. QUAM, M. ROSA, A. VELEZ, C. LORENZO, P. JARABO, J. M. BERMÚDEZ DE CASTRO, E. CARBONELL y J. L. ARSUAGA (2021): «Neanderthals and Homo sapiens had similar auditory and speech capacities», Natura Ecology & Evolution, 5, pp. 609-615. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01391-6
CONDILLAC, E. B. (1999[1746]): Ensayo sobre el origen de los conocimientos humanos, Madrid, Tecnos. [Traducción de E. Mazorriaga].
CORBALLIS, M. C. (2002): From Hand to Mouth: The Origins of Language, Princeton, Princeton University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691221731
CROCKFORD C., R. M. WITTIG, R. MUNDRY y K. ZUBERBÜHLER (2012): «Wild chimpanzees inform ignorant group members of danger», Current Biology, 22(2), pp. 142-146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.11.053
D’ANASTASIO, R., S. WROE, C. TUNIZ, L. MANCINI, D. T. CESANA, D. DREOSSI, M. RAVI-CHANDIRAN, M. ATTARD, W. C. H. PARR, A. AGUR y L. CAPASSO (2013): «Micro-Biomechanics of the Kebara 2 Hyoid and its implications for speech in Neanderthals», PLoS ONE, 8(12), pp. 1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082261
D’ERRICO, F. et al. (2009): «From the origin of language to the diversification of languages: What can archaeology and anthropology say?», en F. d’Errico y J. M. Hombert (eds.), Becoming eloquent. Advances in the emergence of language, human cognition, and modern cultures, Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing, pp. 13-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/z.152.02ch1
D’ERRICO, F. y I. COLAGÈ (2018): «Cultural exaptation and cultural neural reuse: A mechanism for the emergence of modern culture and behavior», Biological Theory, 13(4), pp. 213-227. DOI: 10.1007/s13752-018-0306-x
DE SOUSA, A. et al. (2023): «From fossils to mind», Communications Biology, 6(636), pp. 1-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-04803-4
DE STEFANI, E. y D. DE MARCO (2019): «Language, gestures, and emotional communication: An embodied view of social interacion», Frontiers in Psychology, 10, pp. 1-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02063
DOMÍNGUEZ-RODRIGO, M. (2002): «Hunting and scavenging by early humans: The state of the debate», Journal of World Prehistory, 16(1), pp. 1-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014507129795
DOMÍNGUEZ-RODRIGO, M., A. MABULLA, H. T. BUNN, R. BARBA, R. DIEZ-MARTÍN, C. P. EGE-LAND, E. ESPÍLEZ, A. EGELAND, J. YRAVEDRA y P. SÁNCHEZ (2009): «Unraveling hominid behavior at another anthropogenic site from Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania): new archaeological and taphonomic research at BK, Upper Bed II», Journal of Human Evolution, 57, pp. 260-283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.04.006
DUNBAR, R. I. M. (1993): «Coevolution of neocortical size, group size and language in humans», Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 16(4), pp. 681-735. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00032325
ENARD, W., M. PRZEWORSKI, S. E. FISHER, C. S. LAI, V. WIEBE, T. KITANO, A. P. MONACO y S. PÄÄBO (2002): «Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language», Nature, 418, pp. 869-872. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01025
FERNADINO, L., L. L. CONANT, J. R. BINDER, K. BLINDAUER, B. HINER, K. SPANGLER y R. H. DESAI (2013): «Where is the action? Action sentence processing in Parkinson’s disease», Neuropsychologia, 51(8), pp. 1510-1517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.04.008
FISHER, S. E. (2017): «Evolution of language: Lessons from the genome», Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24, pp. 34-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-016-1112-8
FISHER S. E. y G. F. MARCUS (2006): «The eloquent ape: genes, brains and the evolution of language», Nature Reviews Genetics, 7, pp. 9-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg1747
FISHER, S. E., F. VARGHA-KHADEM, K. E. WATKINS, A. P. MONACO y M. E. PEMBREY (1998): «Localisation of a gene implicated in a severe speech and language disorder», Nature Genetics, 18, pp. 168-170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ng0298-168
FISHER, S. E. y S. C. VERNES (2015): «Genetics and the Language Sciences», Annual Review of Linguistics, 1, pp. 289-310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-125024
FRIEDERICI, A. D. (2009): «Pathways to language: fiber tracts in the human brain», Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, pp. 175-181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2009.01.001
FRIEDERICI, A. D. (2011): «The brain basis of language processing: from structure to function», Physiological Reviews, 91(4), pp. 1357-1392. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00006.2011
GAVILÁN, J. (2013): El laberinto de la hominización. El origen del lenguaje en el proceso de formación de la mente, Madrid, Biblioteca Nueva.
GOPNIK, M. y M. B. CRAGO (1991): «Familial aggregation of a developmental language disor-der», Cognition, 39, pp. 1-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(91)90058-C
GRAHAN, S. A. y S. E. FISHER (2013): «Decoding the genetics of speech and language», Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 23, pp. 43-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2012.11.006
HAESLER, S., K. WADA, A. NSHDEJAN, E. E. MORRISEY, T. LINTS, E. D. JARVIS y C. SCHARFF (2004): «FOXP2 expression in avian vocal learners and non-learners», Journal of Neuroscience, 24, pp. 3164-3175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4369-03.2004
HAMZEI, F., M. RIJNTJES, C. DETTMERS, V. GLAUCHE, C. WEILLER y C. BUCHEL (2003): «The human action recognition system and its relationship to Broca’s area: an fMRI study», Neuroimage, 19, pp. 637-644. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00087-9
HENSHILWOOD C. S., F. D’ERRICO y I. WATTS (2009): «Engraved ochres from the Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa», Journal of Human Evolution, 57(1), pp. 27-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.01.005
HENSHILWOOD C. S., F. D’ERRICO, R. YATES, Z. JACOBS, C. TRIBOLO, G. A. DULLER, N. MER-CIER, J. C. SEALY, H. VALLADAS, I. WATTS y A. G. WINTLE (2002): «Emergence of modern human behavior: Middle Stone Age engravings from South Africa», Science, 15, pp. 1278-1280. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1067575
HIGUCHI, S., T. CHAMINADE, H. IMAMIZU y M. KAWATO (2009): «Shared neural correlates for language and toold use in Broca’s area», Neuroreport, 20, pp. 1376-1381. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e3283315570
HILLIX, W. A. y D. M. RUMBAUGH (2004): Animal bodies, human minds: Ape, dolphin, and parrot language skills, Nueva York, Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4512-2
HOFFMANN, D. L., D. E. ANGELUCCI, V. VILLAVERDE, J. ZAPATA y J. ZILHÃO (2018): «Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals 115,000 years ago», Science Advances, 4(2), pp. 1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar5255
HOLLOWAY, R. L., D. C. BROADFIELD y M. S. YUAN (2004): The human fossil record, Londres, John Wiley & Sons Inc. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/0471663573
HURFORD, J. R. (2007): The origins of meaning, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
HYLAND, M. (1993): «Size of human groups during the Paleolithic and the evolutionary significance of increased groups size», Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 16(4), pp. 709-710. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00032519
JOHANSSON, S. (2021): En busca del origen del lenguaje, Barcelona, Ariel. [Traducción de N. García].
KAY, R. F., M. CARTMILL y M. BALOW (1998): «The hypoglossal canal and the origin of human vocal behavior», Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95, pp. 5417-5419. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.9.5417
KRAUSE, J., C. LALUEZA-FOX, L. ORLANDO, W. ENARD, R. E. GREEN, H. A. BURBANO, J. J. HUBLIN, C. HÄNNI, J. FORTEA, M. de la RASILLA, J. BERTRANPETIT, A. ROSAS y S. PÄÄBO, S. (2007): «The derived FOXP2 variant of modern humans was shared with Neandertals», Current Biology, 17, pp. 1908-1912. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.008
KRUPENYE, C., F. KANO, S. HIRATA, J. CALL y M. TOMASELLO (2016): «Great apes anticipate that other individuals will act according to false beliefs», Science, 354, pp. 110-114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf8110
LAI, C. S., S. E. FISHER, J. A. HURST, F. VARGHA-KHADEM y A. P. MONACO (2001): «A fork-head-domain gene is mutated in a severe speech and language disorder», Nature, 413, pp. 519-523. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/35097076
LEIBNIZ, G. W. (2014[1710]): Ensayo de Teodicea sobre de la bondad de Dios, la libertad del hombre y el origen del mal, Madrid, Biblioteca Nueva.
LEROI-GOURHAN, A. (1971): El gesto y la palabra, Caracas, Ediciones de la Biblioteca de la Universidad Central de Venezuela. [Traducción de F. Carrera].
LIEBERMAN, P. (2007): «The evolution of human speech: Its anatomical and neural bases», Current Anthropology, 48(1), pp. 39-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/509092
LIEBERMAN, P., E. S. CRELIN y D. H. KLATT (1972): «Phonetic ability and related anatomy of the newborn and adult human, Neanderthal Man, and the chimpanzee», American Anthropologist, 74, pp. 287-307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1972.74.3.02a00020
LÓPEZ GARCÍA, A. (2010): El origen del lenguaje, Valencia, Tirant lo Blanc.
MANDEVILLE, B. (1997[1729]): La fábula de las abejas, Madrid, Fondo de Cultura Económica de España.
MARTÍNEZ, I. y J. L. ARSUAGA (2009): «El origen del lenguaje: la evidencia paleontológica», Munibe, 60, pp. 5-16. En línea <https://www.aranzadi.eus/fileadmin/docs/Munibe/2009005016AA.pdf> [16/09/2023].
MARTÍNEZ, I., J. L. ARSUAGA, R. QUAM, J. M. CARRETERO, A. GRACIA y L. RODRÍGUEZ (2008): «Human hyoid bones from the middle Pleistocene site of the Sima de los Huesos (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain)», Journal of Human Evolution, 54, pp. 118-124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.07.006
MARTÍNEZ, I., M. ROSA, J. L. ARSUAGA, P. JARABO, R. QUAM, C. LORENZO, A. GRACIA, J. M. CARRETERO, J. M. BERMÚDEZ DE CASTRO y E. CARBONELL (2004): «Auditory capacities in Middle Pleistocene humans from the Sierra de Atapuerca in Spain», Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(27), pp. 9976-9981. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403595101
MCNEILL, D. (2012): How Language Began, Gesture and Speech in Human Evolution, Cam-bridge, Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139108669
MENDÍVIL GIRO, J. L. (2009): Origen, evolución y diversidad de las lenguas, Fráncfort, Peter Lang.
MURPHY, E., K. HOSHI y A. BENÍTEZ-BURRACO (2022): «Subcortical syntax: Reconsidering the neural dynamics of language», Journal of Neurolinguistics, 62, pp. 1-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2022.101062
NEWHART M., L. A. TRUPE, Y. GOMEZ, L. CLOUTMAN, J. J. MOLITORIS, C. DAVIS, R. LEIGH, R. F. GOTTESMAN, D. RACE y A. E. HILLIS (2012): «Asyntactic comprehension, working memory, and acute ischemia in Broca’s area versus angular gyrus», Cortex, 48(10), pp. 1288-1297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2011.09.009
PAVLOV, I. P. (1960[1927]): Lectures on conditioned reflexes, Nueva York, Dover. [Traducción de G.V. Anrep].
PERÁN, P., D. CARDEBAT, A. CHERUBINI, F. PIRAS, G. LUCCICHENTI, A. PEPPE, C. CALTAGI-RONE, O. RASCOL, J. F. DÉMONET y U. SABATINI (2009): «Object naming and action-verb generation in Parkinson’s disease: a fMRI study», Cortex, 45(8), pp. 960-971. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2009.02.019
PERRY, S. y J. H. HANSON (2008): Manipulative monkeys: The capuchins of Lomas Barbudal, Cambridge (MA), Harvard University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674042049
PEUSKENS, H., J. VANRIE, K. VERFAILLIE y G. ORBAN (2005): «Specifity of regions processing biological motion», European Journal of Neuroscience, 21(10), pp. 2864-2875. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04106.x
PINKER, S. (1995): El instinto del lenguaje, Madrid, Alianza Editorial. [Traducción de J.M. Igoa].
PULVERMÜLLER, F. y L. FADIGA (2010): «Active perception: sensorimotor circuits as a cortical basis for language», Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11, pp. 351-360. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2811
READ D. W., H. M. MANRIQUE y M. J. WALKER (2022): «On the working memory of humans and great apes: Strikingly similar or remarkably different?», Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 134, pp. 1-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.019
RODRÍGUEZ, L., L. L. CABO y J. E. EGOCHEAGA (2003): «Breve nota sobre el hioides Neandertalense de Sidrón (Piloña, Asturias)», en M. P. Aluja, A. Malgosa y R. M. Nogués (eds.), Antropología y diversidad, Barcelona, Edicions Bellaterra, vol. 1. pp. 484-493.
QUAM, R., I. MARTÍNEZ, M. ROSA, A. BONMATÍ, C. LORENZO, D. J. de RUITER, J. MOGGI-CECCHI, M. CONDE VALVERDE, P. JARABO, C. G. MENTER, J. F. THACKERAY y J. L. AR-SUAGA (2015): «Early hominin auditory capacities», Science Advances, 1(8), pp. 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500355
SALAGNON, M., F. D’ERRICO y E. MELLET (2020): «Neuroimaging and Neuroarchaeology: a Window on Cognitive Evolution», Intellectica Revue de l’Association pour la Recherche Cognitive, 73, pp. 67-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/intel.2020.1965
SHU, W., J. Y. CHO, Y. JIANG, M. ZHANG, D. WEISZ, G. A. ELDER, J. SCHMEIDLER, R. DE GASPERI, M. A. G. SOSA, D. RABIDOU, A. C. SANTUCCI, D. PERL, E. MORRISEY y J. D. BUXBAUM (2005): «Altered ultrasonic vocalization in mice with a disruption in the FOXP2 gene», Proceedings of the Natural Academy of Sciences, 102, pp. 9642-9648. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0503739102
STEELE, J., M. CLEGG y S. MARTELLI (2013): «Comparative morphology of the hominin and African ape hyoid bone, a possible marker of the evolution of speech», Human Biology, 85, pp. 639-672. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/hub.2013.a541094
STEVENS K. N. (1989): «On the quantal nature of speech», Journal of Phonetics, 17(1-2), pp. 3-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470(19)31520-7
STINER, M. C. (2017): «Love and death in the Stone Age: What constitutes first evidence of mortuary treatment of the human body?», Biological Theory, 12, pp. 248-261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13752-017-0275-5
STOUT, D. y T. CHAMINADE (2012): «Stone tools, language and the brain in human evolution», Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society B, 367, pp. 75-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0099
STOUT D., T. CHAMINADE, J. APEL, A. SHAFTI y A. A. FAISAL (2021): «The measurement, evo-lution, and neural representation of action grammars of human behavior», Scientific Re-ports, 11(1), pp. 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92992-5
STOUT, D., N. TOTH, K. D. SCHICK y T. CHAMINADE (2008): «Neural correlates of Early Stone Age toolmaking: technology, language and cognition in human evolution», Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society B, 363, pp. 1939-1949. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0001
STRINGER, C. B. (1992): «Replacement, continuity and the origin of Homo sapiens», en G. Bräuer y F. H. Smith (eds.), Continuity or replacement? Controversies in the evolution of Homo sapiens, Londres, Routledge, pp. 9-24.
SZÁMADÓ, S. (2010): «Pre-hunt communication provides context for the evolution of early human language», Biological theory, 5(4), pp. 366-382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/BIOT_a_00064
TOMASELLO, M., M. CARPENTER, J. Call, T. BEHNE y H. MOLL (2005): «Understanding and sharing intentions: the origins of cultural cognition», Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 28(5), pp. 675-691. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X05000129
TOTH, N. y K. SCHICK (1986): «The first million years: The archaeology of protohuman cul-ture», Advances in archaeological method and theory, 9, pp. 1-96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-003109-2.50005-2
URRUTIA, M. y M. DE VEGA (2012): «Lenguaje y acción. Una revisión actual a las teorías corpóreas», Revista de Lingüística Teórica y Aplicada, 50(1), pp. 39-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-48832012000100003
VERNES, S. C., D. F. NEWBURY, B. S. ABRAHAMS, L. WINCHESTER, J. NICOD, M. GROSZER, M. ALARCÓN, P. L. OLIVER, K. E. DAVIES, D. H. GESCHWIND, A. P. MONACO y S. E. FISHER (2008): «A functional genetic link between distinct developmental language disorders», The New England Journal of Medicine, 359, pp. 2337-2345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0802828
VON HUMBOLDT, W. (1990[1836]): Sobre las diferencias de la estructura del lenguaje humano y su influencia sobre el desarrollo intelectual de la humanidad, Barcelona, Anthropos. [Traducción de A. Agud].
VUKOVIC, N., M. FEURRA, A. SHPEKTOR, A. MYACHYKOV y Y. SHTYROV (2017): «Primary motor cortex functionally contributes to language comprehension: An online rTMS study», Neuropsychologia, 96, pp. 222-229. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.01.025
WASHBURN, D. A., J. P. GULLEDGE, F. JAMES y D. M. RUMBAUGH (2007): «A species
difference in Visuospatial working memory: does language link “what” with “where”?», International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 20, pp. 55-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46867/IJCP.2007.20.01.02
WELLMAN, H. M. (2018): «Theory of mind: The state of the art», European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15(6), pp. 728-755. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2018.1435413
WYNN, T. (2002): «Archaeology and cognitive evolution», Behavioral and brain science, 25, pp. 389-438. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000079
ZILHÃO, J. (2012): «Personal Ornaments and Symbolism Among the Neanderthals», en S. A. Elias (ed.), Origins of human innovation and creativity, San Diego, Elsevier, pp. 35-49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53821-5.00004-X
ŻYWICZYŃSKI, P. (2018): Language origins: From mythology to science, Berlín, Peter Lang. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3726/b14208
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Linguistic Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The works published in this magazine are subject to the following terms:
1. The Publications Service of the University of Murcia (the publisher) preserves the economic rights (copyright) of the published works, and favors and allows the reuse of same under the license of use indicated in point 2.
2. The papers are published in the electronic edition of the magazine under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative 3.0 Spain license (legal text). Papers may be copied, used, disseminated, transmitted and publicly exhibited if the following requirements are met: i) The authorship and the original source of its publication (magazine, editorial and URL of the work) must be cited; ii) The works cannot be used for commercial purposes; iii) The existence and specifications of this user license must be explicitly mentioned.
3. Self-archiving conditions. Authors can electronically disseminate pre-print versions (version before being evaluated) and / or post-print versions (version evaluated and accepted for publication). This makes possible its circulation and diffusion earlier and with it a possible increase in its citation and reach among the academic community. RoMEO color: green.