Costes, Beneficios y Factores Ligados a la Política de Divulgación de Información Financiera
Costs, Benefits and Explanatory Factors of the Financial Information Disclosure Policy
Resumen
El objetivo del presente trabajo, basado en una revisión de la literatura empírica más relevante, es el analizar los costes y beneficios asociados a las políticas de divulgación de información financiera, así como los factores que puedan estar más relacionados con la extensión de la información publicada por las empresas.
Entre los costes asociados a la oferta informativa se encontrarían los relativos a su confección, publicación y auditoria; así como otra serie de costes indirectos, más difíciles de medir, tales como costes legales, costes políticos y costes asociados a la pérdida de ventaja competitiva. Por otra parte, los beneficios de una mayor cantidad de información se pueden ligar a una reducción de las percepciones de incertidumbre futura y, por tanto, pueden llevar a la reducción del coste de capital, mejora de la liquidez y de la credibilidad de la empresa, así como incrementar la capacidad de obtención de fondos externos.
De todas las variables analizadas, el factor tamaño es el que más se repite en los trabajos empíricos como explicativo de las políticas de divulgación más proactivas. Lo anterior no es de extrañar, habida cuenta que conforme mayor sea el tamaño, mayores serán los costes de agencia, costes políticos y costes legales, así como la presión ejercida por los demandantes de información. Por otra parte, menores, en este caso, serán los costes de pérdida de ventaja competitiva y los costes marginales directos derivados de una mayor cantidad de información divulgada. Por tanto, se pude inferir que en las empresas de mayor dimensión los beneficios derivados de la oferta informativa puedan superar estos costes, y justificar la mayor extensión de la información publicada en estos casos.
Igualmente, una vez señaladas algunas debilidades o limitaciones de los estudios analizados, en el trabajo se indican algunas posibles líneas de investigación que se podrían seguir en un futuro y en este ámbito.
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