Efeito da Idade Relativa em Jovens Atletas de Acordo com o Sexo, a Modalidade Esportiva, a Categoria de Idade e o Desempenho Esportivo: Análise dos Jogos Desportivos Nacionais da Costa Rica
Agências Suporte
- Nenhum financiamento foi reportado pelos autores.
Resumo
O objetivo deste estudo foi explorar o Efeito da Idade Relativa (RAE) em jovens atletas considerando o sexo, a modalidade esportiva e a categoria de idade e o desempenho esportivo nos Jogos Desportivos Nacionais (Juegos Deportivos Nacionales 2024 [JDN-2024]) da Costa Rica. Um total de 16357 atletas de 22 modalidades que competiram na fase classificatória dos JDN-2024 foi analisado. Destes, 5030 avançaram para a fase final. Os quartis de nascimento foram definidos como: Q1= 1 de janeiro - 31 de março, Q2= 1 de abril - 30 de junho, Q3= 1 de julho - 30 de setembro e Q4= 1 de outubro -31 de dezembro. Os resultados confirmaram a presença do RAE em atletas masculinos e em modalidades coletivas, tanto na fase classificatória quanto na fase final dos JDN-2024. Os nascidos no Q1 estiveram significativamente sobrerrepresentados em comparação com os nascidos no Q4 (V= 0,02 - 0,04). Entre os atletas masculinos, o RAE foi identificado no futebol na fase classificatória (V= 0,06) e no taekwondo durante a fase final (V= 0,16). Também se observou um desequilíbrio de quartis no basquetebol masculino na fase final, fora do contraste Q1-Q4 (V= 0,15). Nas atletas do sexo feminino, observou-se uma inversão do RAE apenas no xadrez na fase classificatória (V= 0,10). O RAE apareceu aos 16, 19 e ≥21 anos em atletas masculinos, e aos 15 e 19 anos em modalidades coletivas (V= 0,04 - 0,09). Nascer no Q1 esteve associado a uma probabilidade ligeiramente maior de avançar para a fase final nas modalidades individuais (V= 0,02); no entanto, não foi encontrada uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre o quartil de nascimento e a conquista de medalhas. Portanto, embora o RAE estivesse presente no processo de seleção, não determinou o desempenho esportivo.
Downloads
-
Resumo5
-
(335-352) Relative Age Ef...2
Referências
1. Aku, Y., & Yang, C. (2024). The relative age effect and its influence on athletic performance in Chinese junior female’ tennis players. PLOS ONE, 19(3), e0298975. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298975
2. Arrieta, H., Torres-Unda, J., Gil, S. M., & Irazusta, J. (2016). Relative age effect and performance in the U16, U18 and U20 European Basketball Championships. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(16), 1530-1534. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1122204
3. Ato, M., López, J., & Benavente, A. (2013). Un sistema de clasificación de los diseños de investigación en psicología. Anales de Psicología, 29(3), 1038-1059. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.3.178511
4. Bergsma, W. (2013). A bias-correction for Cramér’s V and Tschuprow’s T. Journal of the Korean Statistical Society, 42(3), 323-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jkss.2012.10.002
5. Bezuglov, E., Shoshorina, M., Emanov, A., Semenyuk, N., Shagiakhmetova, L., Cherkashin, A., Pirmakhanov, B., & Morgans, R. (2022). The Relative Age Effect in the Best Track and Field Athletes Aged 10 to 15 Years Old. Sports, 10(7), 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10070101
6. Brazo-Sayavera, J., Martínez-Valencia, M. A., Müller, L., Andronikos, G., & Martindale, R. J. J. (2018). Relative age effects in international age group championships: A study of Spanish track and field athletes. PLOS ONE, 13(4), e0196386. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196386
7. Brustio, P. R., Modena, R., Boccia, G., Vogliazzo, M., & Kelly, A. L. (2023). Youth-to-senior transition in women’s and girls’ football: Towards a better understanding of relative age effects and gender-specific considerations. PLOS ONE, 18(5), e0283781. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283781
8. Cobley, S., Baker, J., Wattie, N., & McKenna, J. (2009). Annual Age-Grouping and Athlete Development. Sports Medicine, 39(3), 235-256. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200939030-00005
9. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
10. Cular, D., Babic, M., Katovic, D., Beslija, T., & Kezic, A. (2024). How to Compare Relative Age Effect in Different Sports? A New Methodological Approach—Example of Youth Olympic Games. Sports, 12(8), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12080215
11. de Almeida-Neto, P. F., Neto, R. B., Medeiros, I., de Oliveira, F. C. S., de Oliveira Filho, A. G., de Matos, D. G., Dantas, P. M. S., & de Araújo Tinôco Cabral, B. G. (2023). Relative age effect in elite Brazilian athletes in different combat sports: An observational study. Sport Sciences for Health, 19, 113-121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-022-01007-x
12. de la Rubia, A., Lorenzo, A., Bjørndal, C. T., Kelly, A. L., García-Aliaga, A., & Lorenzo-Calvo, J. (2021). The Relative Age Effect on Competition Performance of Spanish International Handball Players: A Longitudinal Study. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.673434
13. de la Rubia, A., Lorenzo-Calvo, J., & Lorenzo, A. (2020). Does the Relative Age Effect Influence Short-Term Performance and Sport Career in Team Sports? A Qualitative Systematic Review. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01947
14. de Oliveira Castro, H., Oliveira, V. de, Rocha, M. de S., Souza, W. F. de, Ribeiro, L. D. C., Gomes, S. A., & Figueiredo, L. S. (2024). The Relative Age Effect based on playing-position and performance on Brazilian elite men’s basketball. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 24(3), 94-107. https://doi.org/10.6018/cpd.612221
15. Difernand, A., De Larochelambert, Q., Homo, S., Rousseau, F., Antero, J., Toussaint, J.-F., & Sedeaud, A. (2023). Relative age effects in track-and-field: Identification and performance rebalancing. Frontiers in Physiology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.1082174
16. Faber, I. R., Liu, M., Cece, V., Jie, R., Martinent, G., Schorer, J., & Elferink-Gemser, M. (2020). The interaction between within-year and between-year effects across ages in elite table tennis in international and national contexts – A further exploration of relative age effects in sports. High Ability Studies, 31(1), 115-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/13598139.2019.1596071
17. Ferragut, C., Vila, H., Fernández, J. J., & García, M. Á. S. (2021). Efecto de la edad relativa en la élite del balonmano femenino español y su relación con aspectos antropométricos, de rendimiento y velocidad de lanzamiento. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 21(2), 213-226. https://doi.org/10.6018/cpd.438671
18. Folle, A., Flach, M. C., Souto, L. E., & Beirith, M. K. (2026). Relative Age Effect in Male Basketball Athletes: Association with Individual and Collective Performance. Revista de Ciencias del Deporte, 22(1), 55-66. https://doi.org/10.17398/1885-7019.22.55
19. Franchi, S., Martinelli, K., de Souza Balena, L. R., Ribas, J. S. M., & Prat, Q. (2026). Juegos tradicionales con y sin competición: Educar emociones desde la pedagogía de las conductas motrices. En M. Pic & P. Lavega-Burgués (Eds.), Educar y entrenar conductas motrices: Transferir conocimiento innovador a profesores y entrenadores (pp. 185-206). Dykinson. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14679/4849
20. Gil, S. M., Bidaurrazaga-Letona, I., Larruskain, J., Esain, I., & Irazusta, J. (2021). The relative age effect in young athletes: A countywide analysis of 9–14-year-old participants in all competitive sports. PLOS ONE, 16(7), e0254687. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254687
21. Harriss, D. J., MacSween, A., & Atkinson, G. (2019). Ethical Standards in Sport and Exercise Science Research: 2020 Update. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(13), 813-817. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1015-3123
22. Helsen, W. F., Baker, J., Schorer, J., Steingröver, C., Wattie, N., & Starkes, J. L. (2016). Relative age effects in a cognitive task: A case study of youth chess. High Ability Studies, 27(2), 211-221. https://doi.org/10.1080/13598139.2016.1242063
23. Hollings, S. C., Hume, P. A., & Hopkins, W. G. (2014). Relative-age effect on competition outcomes at the World Youth and World Junior Athletics Championships. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(S1), S456-S461. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.713007
24. Ibáñez, S. J., Mazo, A., Nascimento, J., & García-Rubio, J. (2018). The Relative Age Effect in under-18 basketball: Effects on performance according to playing position. PLOS ONE, 13(7), e0200408. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200408
25. Jakobsson, J., Julin, A. L., Persson, G., & Malm, C. (2021). Darwinian Selection Discriminates Young Athletes: The Relative Age Effect in Relation to Sporting Performance. Sports Medicine - Open, 7(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-021-00300-2
26. Kearney, P. E., Hayes, P. R., & Nevill, A. (2018). Faster, higher, stronger, older: Relative age effects are most influential during the youngest age grade of track and field athletics in the United Kingdom. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(20), 2282-2288. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1449093
27. Kelly, A. L., Brown, T., Reed, R., Côté, J., & Turnnidge, J. (2022). Relative Age Effects in Male Cricket: A Personal Assets Approach to Explain Immediate, Short-Term, and Long-Term Developmental Outcomes. Sports, 10(3), 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10030039
28. Kirkeberg, A., Roaas, T. V., Gundersen, H., & Dalen, T. (2022). Relative Age Effect Among the Best Norwegian Track and Field Athletes of All Time: Comparisons of Explosive and Endurance Events. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.858095
29. Lidor, R., Maayan, Z., & Arnon, M. (2021). Relative Age Effect in 14- to 18-Year-Old Athletes and Their Initial Approach to This Effect—Has Anything Changed Over the Past 10 Years? Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.622120
30. Lorenzo-Calvo, J., de la Rubia, A., Mon-López, D., Hontoria-Galán, M., Marquina, M., & Veiga, S. (2021). Prevalence and Impact of the Relative Age Effect on Competition Performance in Swimming: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(20), 10561. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010561
31. Lupo, C., Boccia, G., Ungureanu, A. N., Frati, R., Marocco, R., & Brustio, P. R. (2019). The Beginning of Senior Career in Team Sport Is Affected by Relative Age Effect. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01465
32. Minsoo, J., Jiwun, Y., & Hyo-Jun, Y. (2022). The Relative Age Effect of Elite Taekwondo Athletes. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 10(2), 0-0. https://doi.org/10.52547/aassjournal.998
33. Musch, J., & Grondin, S. (2001). Unequal Competition as an Impediment to Personal Development: A Review of the Relative Age Effect in Sport. Developmental Review, 21(2), 147-167. https://doi.org/10.1006/drev.2000.0516
34. Porto, L., Flach, M., do Nascimento, R., Dallegrave, E., do Nascimento, J., & Folle, A. (2021). Relative age effect on basketball: Implications for the selection of successful players. Retos: Nuevas Tendencias en Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 42, 266-275. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v42i0.83847
35. Reed, K. E., Parry, D. A., & Sandercock, G. R. H. (2017). Maturational and social factors contributing to relative age effects in school sports: Data from the London Youth Games. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 27(12), 2070-2079. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12815
36. Roberts, S. J., McRobert, A. P., Rudd, J., Enright, K., & Reeves, M. J. (2021). Research in Another un-Examined (RAE) context. A chronology of 35 years of relative age effect research in soccer: Is it time to move on? Science and Medicine in Football, 5(4), 301-309. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2020.1841278
37. Romann, M., Rössler, R., Javet, M., & Faude, O. (2018). Relative age effects in Swiss talent development – a nationwide analysis of all sports. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(17), 2025-2031. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1432964
38. Rubajczyk, K., & Rokita, A. (2020). The Relative Age Effect and Talent Identification Factors in Youth Volleyball in Poland. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01445
39. Saavedra-García, M., Gutiérrez-Aguilar, O., Sa-Marques, P., & Fernández-Romero, J. J. (2016). Efecto de la edad relativa en el atletismo español. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 16(1), 275-286.
40. Savassi Figueiredo, L., Ribeiro, L. d. C., Barbosa, T. F., da Silva, D. G., & Fonseca, F. S. (2023). Are relative age effects pervasive in lower competitive tiers of school sports? An investigation of student-athletes from Minas Gerais. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 23(2), 260-272. https://doi.org/10.6018/cpd.512511
41. Silva, L. A., Leonardo, L., Andrade Rodrigues, H. de, & Krahenbühl, T. (2022). The Relative Age Effect in invasion team sports: A systematic review in youth sports. Retos: Nuevas Tendencias en Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 46, 641-652. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v46.94211
42. Smith, K. L., Weir, P. L., Till, K., Romann, M., & Cobley, S. (2018). Relative Age Effects Across and Within Female Sport Contexts: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine, 48(6), 1451-1478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0890-8
43. Sweeney, L., de la Rubia, A., Taylor, J., & Bjørndal, C. T. (2024). Looking beyond relative age to understand relative advantage and disadvantage in talent development. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2024.1470944
44. Tascioglu, R., Atalag, O., Yuksel, Y., Kocaeksi, S., Güven, G., Akyildiz, Z., & Nobari, H. (2023). Relative age effect and performance in elite youth male basketball. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 4544. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31785-4
45. Voet, J. G., Lamberts, R. P., de Koning, J. J., & van Erp, T. (2022). The role of the relative age effect on talent identification in professional road cycling. Journal of Sports Sciences, 40(19), 2159-2165. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2022.2144877
46. Wattie, N., Schorer, J., & Baker, J. (2015). The Relative Age Effect in Sport: A Developmental Systems Model. Sports Medicine, 45(1), 83-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0248-9
47. World Medical Association. (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. Journal of the American Medical Association, 310(20), 2191-2194. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053
Las obras que se publican en esta revista están sujetas a los siguientes términos:
1. El Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia (la editorial) conserva los derechos patrimoniales (copyright) de las obras publicadas, y favorece y permite la reutilización de las mismas bajo la licencia de uso indicada en el punto 2.
2. Las obras se publican en la edición electrónica de la revista bajo una licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 3.0 España (texto legal). Se pueden copiar, usar, difundir, transmitir y exponer públicamente, siempre que: i) se cite la autoría y la fuente original de su publicación (revista, editorial y URL de la obra); ii) no se usen para fines comerciales; iii) se mencione la existencia y especificaciones de esta licencia de uso.
3. Condiciones de auto-archivo. Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir electrónicamente las versiones pre-print (versión antes de ser evaluada) y/o post-print (versión evaluada y aceptada para su publicación) de sus obras antes de su publicación, ya que favorece su circulación y difusión más temprana y con ello un posible aumento en su citación y alcance entre la comunidad académica. Color RoMEO: verde.
