Impacto do nível de actividade física e da vida solteira ou viúva na vulnerabilidade da saúde psicofísica em pessoas com mais de 60 anos: aumento dos cuidados sociais e de saúde
Vulnerabilidade à saúde psicofísica em idosos
Resumo
Fundo. Atualmente, são desconhecidas as repercussões exatas de morar sozinho em idosos saudáveis sobre o nível de atividade física (AF) praticada, relações sociais, cuidados sociais e de saúde necessários e saúde subjetiva. Objetivos. O objetivo foi avaliar as diferenças de saúde, relações sociais e cuidados socio saúde de idosos ativos de acordo com seu nível de AF e situação familiar (estado civil). Metodologia. Participaram pessoas com mais de 61 anos (M=69,65; DP=4,71; 64,7% mulheres e 35,3% homens), pertencentes a dezoito centros desportivos e sociais e áreas desportivas ao ar livre em Alicante. O IPAQ foi utilizado para avaliar AF e CUBRECAVI para indicadores de qualidade de vida. Uma análise de variância multivariada (MANOVAs) foi realizada para estudar as diferenças entre os participantes de acordo com seu nível de AF e sua situação familiar. A significância foi estabelecida em p <0,05. Resultados. Os resultados mostraram que a saúde subjetiva (p<0,001; VCramer=0,291), frequência de relacionamentos sociais (p<0,001, ƞ2=0,028) e satisfação com os serviços sócio- saúde (p=0,009; VCramer=0,147) diferem dependendo do nível de AF. A frequência e satisfação das relações sociais (p<0,001, ƞ2=0,252) e o uso de serviços socio saúde diferem de acordo com a situação familiar (p=0,032; VCramer=0,153). Conclusão. Em conclusão, o estado de satisfação suficiente com a sua saúde subjetiva e com a utilização dos serviços sócio sanitários é diretamente proporcional ao nível de atividade física praticada. As relações sociais dos solteiros são menos satisfatórias e frequentes, utilizando mais serviços sociais e de saúde.
Downloads
Referências
Abell, J. G., & Steptoe, A. (2019). Living alone and mortality: more complicated than it seems. European Heart Journal - Quality of Care and Clinical Outcomes (5), 187-188. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjqcco/qcz014
Abellán García, A., Aceituno Nieto, P., Pérez Díaz, J., Ramiro Fariñas, D., Ayala García, A., & Pujol Rodríguez, R. ( 2019). Un perfil de las personas mayores en España, 2019. Indicadores estadísticos básicos. Retrieved from Madrid: http://envejecimiento.csic.es/documentos/documentos/enred-indicadoresbasicos2019.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2Y-5PskloZlTAweiz96yt9sORc9yL5vNg41dvmaq9MwJk3DHd8Uv1l3m0
Alarcão, V., Madeira, T., Peixoto-Plácido, C., Sousa-Santos, N., Fernandes, E., Nicola, P., . . . Gorjão-Clara, J. (2019). Gender differences in psychosocial determinants of self-perceived health among Portuguese older adults in nursing homes. Aging & Mental Health, 23(8), 1049-1056. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2018.1471583
Arranz, L., Giménez-Llort, L., De Castro, N. M., Baeza, I., & De la Fuente, M. J. R. E. d. G. y. G. (2009). El aislamiento social durante la vejez empeora el deterioro cognitivo, conductual e inmunitario. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, 44(3), 137-142. DOI: 10.1016/j.regg.2008.12.001
Ato, M., López-García, J. J., & Benavente, A. (2013). Un sistema de clasificación de los diseños de investigación en psicología. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 29(3), 1038-1059. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.3.178511
Belala, N., Maier, C., Heldmann, P., Schwenk, M., & Becker, C. (2019). Eine Pilotbeobachtungsstudie zur Analyse von (In) Aktivität und Gründen sedentären Verhaltens kognitiv eingeschränkter, geriatrischer Akutpatienten. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie, 52, 273-281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-019-01644-x
Bermeja, A. I., & Ausín, B. J. R. E. d. G. y. G. (2018). Programas para combatir la soledad en las personas mayores en el ámbito institucionalizado: una revisión de la literatura científica. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, 53(3), 155-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regg.2017.05.006
Blasco-Lafarga, C., Martinez-Navarro, I., Cordellat, A., Roldán, A., Monteagudo, P., Sanchis-Soler, G., & Sanchis-Sanchis, R. (2016). España Patent No. 156069 2016.
Blasco-Lafarga, C., Sanchis-Sanchis, R., Sanchis-Soler, G., San Inocencio-Cuenca, D., & Llorens-Soriano, P. (2019). Entrenamiento Neuromotor en pacientes ancianos pluripatológicos en las Unidades de Hospitalización a Domicilio: Estudio piloto. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 19(1), 95-105. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.6018/cpd.333631
Bosnjak, M., & Tuten, T. (2001). Classifying response behaviors in web-based surveys. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 6(3), DOI:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2001.tb00124.x
Cacciatore, F., Amarelli, C., Ferrara, N., Della Valle, E., Curcio, F., Liguori, I., . . . Bonaduce, D. (2019). Protective effect of physical activity on mortality in older adults with advanced chronic heart failure: A prospective observational study. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 26(5), 481-488. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487318790822
Chen, Y., y While, A. E. (2019). Older people living alone in Shanghai: A questionnaire survey of their life experience. Health & social care in the community, 27(1), 260-269. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12648
Cho, J. H.-J., Olmstead, R., Choi, H., Carrillo, C., Seeman, T. E., & Irwin, M. R. (2019). Associations of objective versus subjective social isolation with sleep disturbance, depression, and fatigue in community-dwelling older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 23(9), 1130-1138. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2018.1481928
Cohen-Mansfield, J., Hazan, H., Lerman, Y., & Shalom, V. (2016). Correlates and predictors of loneliness in older-adults: a review of quantitative results informed by qualitative insights. International Psychogeriatrics, 28(4), 557-576. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610215001532
Condello, G., Capranica, L., Stager, J., Forte, R., Falbo, S., Di Baldassarre, A., . . . Pesce, C. (2016). Physical activity and health perception in aging: Do body mass and satisfaction matter? A three-path mediated link. PloS one, 11(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160805
Cunningham, C., O'Sullivan, R., Caserotti, P., & Tully, M. A. (2020). Consequences of physical inactivity in older adults: A systematic review of reviews and meta‐analyses. Scandinavian Journal Medicine & Science in Sports, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13616
Da Silva, V. D., Tribess, S., Meneguci, J., Sasaki, J. E., Garcia-Meneguci, C. A., Carneiro, J. A. O., & Virtuoso, J. S. (2019). Association between frailty and the combination of physical activity level and sedentary behavior in older adults. BMC public health, 19(1), 709. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7062-0
de Jong Gierveld, J., Keating, N., & Fast, J. E. J. C. J. o. A. L. R. c. d. v. (2015). Determinants of loneliness among older adults in Canada. Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement, 34(2), 125-136. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/s0714980815000070
European Commission (2019). Scaling up innovation for active and healthy ageing. Health, demographic change and wellbeing. Work Programme 2018-2020. Funding & tender opportunities. https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en
European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies (OECD, 2019). España: Perfil sanitario nacional 2019. State of health in the EU, OECD Publishing, Paris/European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, Brussels. https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/state/docs/2019_chp_es_spanish.pdf
Eurostat (2019). Ageing Europe: Looking at the lives of older people in the EU. Collection: Statistical Books. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3217494/10166544/KS-02-19%E2%80%91681-EN-N.pdf/c701972f-6b4e-b432-57d2-91898ca94893
Farag, I., Howard, K., O’Rourke, S., Ferreira, M., Lord, S., Close, J., . . . Sherrington, C. (2016). Health and social support services in older adults recently discharged from hospital: service utilisation and costs and exploration of the impact of a home-exercise intervention. BMC Geriatrics, 16(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-016-0254-x
Fernández-Ballesteros, R., & Zamarrón, M. D. J. T. E. M., Spain. (2007). CUBRECAVI Cuestionario Breve de Calidad de Vida.
Gobbens, R. J., & Remmen, R. (2019). The effects of sociodemographic factors on quality of life among people aged 50 years or older are not unequivocal: comparing SF-12, WHOQOL-BREF, and WHOQOL-OLD. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 14, 231-239. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S189560
Gumà, J., & Fernández-Carro, C. (2019). Life goes on: The influence of the perceived quality of social relations on older women’s mental health after the loss of a partner in Europe. Aging & Mental Health, 25, 53-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2019.1675141
Gyasi, R. M., & Phillips, D. R. (2019). Risk of psychological distress among community-dwelling older adults experiencing spousal loss in Ghana. The Gerontologist, 60(3)416-427. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnz052
Hand, C.,McColl, M.A., Birtwhistle, R., Kotecha, J. A., Batchelor, D. y Barber, K. H. (2017). Social isolation in older adults who are frequent users of primary care services. Canadian Family Physician, 60, 324-329.
Harriss, D. J., MacSween, A., Atkinson, G. (2019). Ethical Standards in Sport and Exercise Science Research: 2020 Update. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(13), 813-817. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1015-3123
Herrera, E., Pablos, A., Chiva-Bartoll, O., & Pablos, C. (2017). Efectos de la actividad física sobre la salud percibida y condición física de los adultos mayores. Journal of Sport Health Research, 9(1), 27-40.
Hidalgo, J. L.-T. (2019). Effectiveness of physical exercise in the treatment of depression in older adults as an alternative to antidepressant drugs in primary care. BMC psychiatry, 19(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1982-6
Holmes, S. D., Galik, E., & Resnick, B. (2019). The mediating effect of resilience between social support for exercise and resident satisfaction in assisted living. Journal of Housing For the Elderly, 33(1), 56-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/02763893.2018.1451796
Hong, M., Shin, H., & De Gagne, J. C. (2019). Social networks, health-promoting behaviors, and health-related quality of life in older adults with and without arthritis. PloS one, 14(7), e0220180. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220180
Ihle, A., Gouveia, B. R., Gouveia, É. R., Cheval, B., Nascimento, M. d. M., Conceição, L., Marconcin, P., Peralta, M., Ferrari, G., & Oliveira, D. (2021). Physical Activity Dimensions Differentially Predict Physical and Mental Components of Health-Related Quality of Life: Evidence from a Sport for All Study. Sustainability, 13(23), 13370. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313370
Jia, R.-x., Liang, J.-h., Xu, Y., & Wang, Y.-q. J. B. g. (2019). Effects of physical activity and exercise on the cognitive function of patients with Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis. BMC Geriatics, 19(1), 181. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1175-2
Kajtna, T., & Vučković, V. (2022). Effect of decrease of physical activity on depression and anxiety after the COVID-19 lockdown. Frontiers in Psychology, 2022. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.961798
Kaleta, D., Makowiec-Dąbrowska, T., Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, E., & Jegier, A. (2006). Physical activity and self-perceived health status. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 19(1), 61-69. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10001-006-0005-x
Ku, P.-W., Fox, K. R., Liao, Y., Sun, W.-J., & Chen, L.-J. (2016). Prospective associations of objectively assessed physical activity at different intensities with subjective well-being in older adults. Quality of Life Research, 25(11), 2909-2919. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-016-1309-3
Lee, S., Lee, C., & An, J. (2020). Psycho-social correlates of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) among older adults: a multivariate analysis. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity, 17(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-020-00238-6
Liotta, G., Gilardi, F., Orlando, S., Rocco, G., Proietti, M. G., Asta, F., . . . Palombi, L. (2019). Cost of hospital care for the older adults according to their level of frailty. A cohort study in the Lazio region, Italy. PloS one, 14(6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217829
Loginov, S., Malkov, M., & Nikolayev, A. Y. (2018). Gender-specific manifestations of daily physical activity and sedentary behavior in elderly residents of Surgut. Advances in Gerontology, 8(1), 53-57. https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079057018010058
López, J. D., & Díaz Conde M.P (2018). Widowhood, loneliness, and health in old age. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, 53(3), 128-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regg.2017.09.005
Mandolesi, L., Polverino, A., Montuori, S., Foti, F., Ferraioli, G., Sorrentino, P., & Sorrentino, G. (2018). Effects of physical exercise on cognitive functioning and wellbeing: biological and psychological benefits. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 509. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00509
McPhee, J. S., French, D. P., Jackson, D., Nazroo, J., Pendleton, N., & Degens, H. (2016). Physical activity in older age: perspectives for healthy ageing and frailty. Biogerontology, 17(3), 567-580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-016-9641-0
Meyer, J., McDowell, C., Lansing, J., Brower, C., Smith, L., Tully, M., & Herring, M. (2020). Changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior in response to COVID-19 and their associations with mental health in 3052 US adults. International journal of environmental research public health, 17(18), 6469. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186469
Milanović, Z., Sporiš, G., & Weston, M. (2015). Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training (HIT) and continuous endurance training for VO 2max improvements: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. Sports medicine, 45(10), 1469-1481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0365-0
Ng, N., Santosa, A., Weinehall, L., & Malmberg, G. (2020). Living alone and mortality among older people in Västerbotten County in Sweden: a survey and register-based longitudinal study. BMC Geriatrics, 20(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1330-9
Notthoff, N., Reisch, P., & Gerstorf, D. (2017). Individual characteristics and physical activity in older adults: a systematic review. Gerontology, 63(5), 443-459. https://doi.org/10.1159/000475558
Ohta, Y., Nomura, E., Hatanaka, N., Osakada, Y., Matsumoto, N., Sasaki, R., ... & Abe, K. (2019). Female dominant association of sarcopenia and physical frailty in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Clinical Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 70, 96-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2019.08.062
Olaya, B., Moneta, M. V., Doménech-Abella, J., Miret, M., Bayes, I., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., & Haro, J. M. (2018). Mobility difficulties, physical activity, and all-cause mortality risk in a nationally representative sample of older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series A, 73(9), 1272-1279. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glx121
Panza, G. A., Taylor, B. A., Thompson, P. D., White, C. M., & Pescatello, L. S. (2019). Physical activity intensity and subjective well-being in healthy adults. Journal of Health Psychology, 24(9), 1257-1267. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105317691589
Pardal, L. P., i Montells, L. P., & Álvarez, L. R. (2017). Mayores que viven solos y malnutrición. Estudio SOLGER. Atención Primaria, 49(8), 450-458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2016.10.007
Parra-Rizo, M. A. (2017). Most valued components of the quality of life in older people than 60 years physically active. European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education, 7(3), 135-144. https://doi.org/10.30552/ejihpe.v7i3.202
Pastor, D., Hernández, L. C., & Gimeno, E. C. (2017). Six months of exercise programe twice a week seems to be not enought to improve cognitive function in older people. European Journal of Human Movement, (39), 116-127.
Pérez Martínez, V. T., & Arcia Chávez, N. (2008). Comportamiento de los factores biosociales en la depresión del adulto mayor. Revista Cubana de medicina general integral, 24(3), 0-0.
Rebelo-Marques, A., De Sousa Lages, A., Andrade, R., Ribeiro, C. F., Mota-Pinto, A., Carrilho, F., & Espregueira-Mendes, J. (2018). Aging hallmarks: the benefits of physical exercise. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 9, 258. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00258
Ribeiro, C. G., Ferretti, F., & de Sá Clodoaldo, A. (2017). Quality of life based on level of physical activity among elderly residents of urban and rural areas. Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia, 20(3), 330-339. https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562017020.160110
Romo, G. R., Pla, R. M., Muñoz, M. G., González, C. M. T., & Adan, E. L. (2018). Motivos para la práctica de actividad física durante el tiempo libre y su relación con el cumplimento de las recomendaciones. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 18(1), 183-194. https://doi.org/10.6018/cpd.433571
Rondón García, L. M., Arizala, A., & García García, F. J. (2018). El significado de las relaciones sociales como mecanismo para mejorar la salud y calidad de vida de las personas mayores, desde una perspectiva interdisciplinar. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, 53(5), 268-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regg.2018.01.005
Rondón García, L. M., & Ramírez Navarrro, J. M. (2018). The impact of quality of life on the health of older people from a multidimensional perspective. Journal of aging research, 2018, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4086294
Sasidharan, V., Payne, L., Orsega-Smith, E., & Godbey, G. (2006). Older adults' physical activity participation and perceptions of wellbeing: Examining the role of social support for leisure. Managing Leisure, 11(3), 164-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/13606710600715242
Schrempft, S., Jackowska, M., Hamer, M., & Steptoe, A. (2019). Associations between social isolation, loneliness, and objective physical activity in older men and women. BMC public health, 19(1), 74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6424-y
Shaw, B. A., Fors, S., Fritzell, J., Lennartsoon, C., & Agahi, N. (2018). Who lives alone during old age? Trends in the social and functional disadvantages of Sweden’s solitary living older adults. Research on Aging, 40(9), 815-838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027517747120
Smith, G. L., Banting, L., Eime, R., O’Sullivan, G., & Van Uffelen, J. G. (2017). The association between social support and physical activity in older adults: a systematic review. International Journal of Behaviour Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0509-8
Stahl, S. T., Beach, S. R., Musa, D., & Schulz, R. (2017). Living alone and depression: the modifying role of the perceived neighborhood environment. Aging & Mental Health, 21(10), 1065-1071. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2016.1191060
Sullivan, C., & Infurna, F. J. (2019). The multidimensional nature of social support and engagement in contributing to adjustment following spousal loss. Aging & Mental Health, 24, 857-869. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2018.1555695
Techera, M. P., Ferreira, A. H., Sosa, C. L., Marco, N. V. D., & Muñoz, L. A. (2017). Significados que le atribuyen al envejecimiento activo y saludable un grupo de personas mayores que viven en comunidad. Texto & Contexto – Enfermagem, 26(3). https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072017001750016
Trevisan, C., Veronese, N., Maggi, S., Baggio, G., De Rui, M., Bolzetta, F., . . . Crepaldi, G. (2016). Marital status and frailty in older people: gender differences in the Progetto Veneto Anziani Longitudinal Study. Journal of Womens Health, 25(6), 630-637. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2015.5592
Tsaras, K., Tsiantoula, M., Papagiannis, D., Papathanasiou, I. V., Chatzi, M., Kelesi, M., Kaba, E., & Fradelos, E. C. (2022). The effect of depressive and insomnia symptoms in quality of life among community-dwelling older adults. International journal of environmental research public health, 19(20), 13704. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013704
Tyebkhan, G. (2002). Declaration of Helsinki: The ethical cornerstone of human clinical research. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, 69(3), 245-247. PMID: 17642902.
Yang, Q., Tang, Y., Jennings, G., Zhao, B., Zhu, F. & Ma, X. (2022). Physical activity and subjective well-being of older adults during COVID-19 prevention and control normalization: Mediating role of outdoor exercise environment and regulating role of exercise form. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1014967
van Tilburg, T. G., & Suanet, B. (2019). Unmarried older people: Are they socially better off today?. The Journals of Gerontology series B, 74(8), 1463-1473. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby120
Vidal, J., Labeaga, J., Casado, P., Madrigal, A., López, J., Montero, A., & Meil, G. (2017). Informe 2016. Las personas mayores en España. Datos estadísticos estatales y por comunidades autónomas. In s. s. e. i. I. Ministerio de sanidad (Ed.). Madrid.
World Health Organization (WHO). IPAQ. International Physical Activity Questionnaire (versión 2.0. español), 2012. Available online: http:// www.who.int/chp/steps/instrument/es/index/html (accessed on 11 November 2018).
Zhang, Y., & Tian, Y. (2022). The Relationship between Physical Activity and Depressive Symptoms in Middle-Aged and Elderly People Controlling for Demographic and Health Status Variables. Sustainability, 14(21), 13986. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/su142113986
World Medical Association (WMA). (2000). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. Recuperado de: https://www.wma.net/es/policies-post/declaracion-de-helsinki-de-la-amm-principios-eticos-para-las-investigaciones-medicas-en-seres-humanos/
Reynaga-Estrada, P., García-Santana, J.A., Jáuregui-Ulloa, E.E., Colunga-Rodríguez, C., Carrera-Viver, G.J., & Cabrera-González. J.L. (2017). Motivación al deporte en adultos y personas mayores que practican cachibol. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 17(2), 15-26
- 24-04-2023 (2)
- 24-04-2023 (1)
Las obras que se publican en esta revista están sujetas a los siguientes términos:
1. El Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia (la editorial) conserva los derechos patrimoniales (copyright) de las obras publicadas, y favorece y permite la reutilización de las mismas bajo la licencia de uso indicada en el punto 2.
2. Las obras se publican en la edición electrónica de la revista bajo una licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 3.0 España (texto legal). Se pueden copiar, usar, difundir, transmitir y exponer públicamente, siempre que: i) se cite la autoría y la fuente original de su publicación (revista, editorial y URL de la obra); ii) no se usen para fines comerciales; iii) se mencione la existencia y especificaciones de esta licencia de uso.
3. Condiciones de auto-archivo. Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir electrónicamente las versiones pre-print (versión antes de ser evaluada) y/o post-print (versión evaluada y aceptada para su publicación) de sus obras antes de su publicación, ya que favorece su circulación y difusión más temprana y con ello un posible aumento en su citación y alcance entre la comunidad académica. Color RoMEO: verde.
