Uma intervenção REBT para a recuperação da atividade física saudável em ex-atletas de elite
Resumo
Embora muitos ex-atletas de elite mantenham níveis saudáveis de atividade física após a aposentadoria, aqueles que não colocam sua saúde em maior risco do que a população em geral, conforme estudos anteriores mostraram. O objetivo deste trabalho foi delinear e implementar uma intervenção em Terapia Racional Emotiva Comportamental de três sessões de 45 minutos baseadas na funcionalização de crenças, para que oito ex-atletas sedentários de elite recuperassem a prática de atividade física saudável. Seguindo um projeto de caso único ideográfico com base em várias camadas entre os participantes, as informações sobre suas motivações e crenças disfuncionais foram coletadas antes e depois da intervenção por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e um questionário online. A intervenção foi eficaz em restaurar sete dos oito participantes à atividade física saudável. Além disso, a validação social permitiu que ex-atletas expressassem sua opinião sobre a experiência da intervenção, a qual foi positivamente valorizada por ajudá-los a (a) identificar as consequências cognitivas, emocionais e comportamentais, (b) estabelecer objetivos realistas, (c) reinterpretar os conceitos de atividade física; (d) desenvolver um diálogo interno mais funcional; e (e) transferir os conhecimentos adquiridos para outras situações cotidianas. Para promover a mudança e adesão a hábitos saudáveis, é fundamental que, além dos aspetos motivacionais, nós, profissionais, influenciamos os aspetos cognitivos, e essas intervenções são potencialmente eficazes para isso.
Palavras chave: Crenças disfuncionais, estilo de vida saudável, motivação intrínseca, aposentadoria esportiva
Downloads
Referências
Abel, M. G., y Carreiro, B. (2011). Preparing for the Big Game: Transitioning from Competitive Athletics to a Healthy Lifestyle. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 33(2), 58-63. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e31820bc314
Bäckmand, H. M., Kaprio, J., Kujala, U. M., y Sarna, S. (2009). Physical activity, mood and the functioning of daily living: a longitudinal study among former elite athletes and referents in middle and old age. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics, 48(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2007.09.002
Bäckmand, H., Kujala, U., Sarna, S., y Kaprio, J. (2010). Former Athletes’ Health-Related Lifestyle Behaviours and Self-Rated Health in Late Adulthood. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(10), 751-758. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1255109
Barker, J. B., Mellalieu, S. D., McCarthy, P. J., Jones, M. V., y Moran, A. (2013). Special Issue on Single-Case Research in Sport Psychology. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 25(1), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2012.729378
Carlin, M., y Garcés de Los Fayos Ruiz, E. (2012). Transición de carrera deportiva a un nuevo contexto vital: perspectivas actuales. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 12(1), 103-110.
Chrysidis, S., Turner, M. J., y Wood, A. G. (2020). The effects of REBT on irrational beliefs, self-determined motivation, and self-efficacy in American Football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(19), 2215-2224. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1776924
David, D., Lynn, S. J., y Ellis, A. (2010). Rational and irrational beliefs research, theory, and clinical practice. Oxford University Press.
Dryden, W., y Neenan, M. (2015). Rational emotive behaviour therapy: 100 key points and techniques. Routledge.
Duque-Ingunza, A., & Dosil, J. (2017). Variables que influyen en la transición deportiva: un estudio con futbolistas en activo y exfutbolistas de la primera división de la LFP. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 17(3), 13-24.
Ellis, A. (1957). Rational psychotherapy and individual psychology. Southern Medical Journal, 7(1), 451–458. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007611-191406000-00006
Ford, P. R., Bordonau, J. L. D., Bonanno, D., Tavares, J., Groenendijk, C., Fink, C., Gualtieri, D., Gregson, W., Varley, M. C., Weston, M., Lolli, L., Platt, D., y Di Salvo, V. (2020). A survey of talent identification and development processes in the youth academies of professional soccer clubs from around the world. Journal of sports sciences, 38(11-12), 1269-1278. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1752440
Henriksen, K., Schinke, R., Moesch, K., McCann, S., Parham, W. D., Larsen, C. H., y Terry, P. (2020). Consensus statement on improving the mental health of high-performance athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(5), 553-560. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2019.1570473
Holding, A., Fortin, J. A., Carpentier, J., Hope, N., y Koestner, R. (2020). Letting go of gold: Examining the role of autonomy in elite athletes’ disengagement from their athletic careers and well-being in retirement. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 14(1), 88-108. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2018-0029
Jordana, A., Torregrosa, M., Ramis, Y., y Latinjak, A. (2017). Retirada del deporte de élite: Una revisión sistemática de estudios cualitativos. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 26(4), 68–74.
Jordana, A., Turner, M. J., Ramis, Y., y Torregrossa, M. (2020). A systematic mapping review on the use of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) with athletes. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2020.1836673
Kazdin, A. E. (2011). Single-case research designs: Methods for clinical and applied settings (2a ed.). Oxford University Press.
Kontro, T. K., Sarna, S., Kaprio, J., y Kujala, U. (2017). Use of alcohol and alcohol-related morbidity in finnish former elite athletes. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 49(3), 492-499. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001137
Kuettel, A., y Larsen, C. H. (2020). Risk and protective factors for mental health in elite athletes: a scoping review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(1), 231-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2019.1689574
Latinjak, A. T., Hernando-Gimeno, C., Lorido-Méndez, L., y Hardy, J. (2019). Endorsement and constructive criticism of an innovative online reflexive self-talk intervention. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1819. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01819
Lavallee, D., Park, S., y Tod, D. (2010). Career termination. En S. Hanrahan y M. B. Andersen (Eds.), Handbook of applied sport psychology (pp. 242–249). Routledge.
Lindner, H., Kirkby, R., Wertheim, E., y Birch, P. (1999). A brief assessment of irrational thinking: The shortened general attitude and belief scale. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 23(6), 651–663. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018741009293
Mack, R. J., Breckon, J. D., O’Halloran, P. D., y Butt, J. (2019). Enhancing athlete engagement in sport psychology interventions using motivational interviewing: A case study. The Sport Psychologist, 33(2), 159–168. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2018-0053
Mannes, Z. L., Waxenberg, L. B., Cottler, L. B., Perlstein, W. M., Burrell, L. E., 2nd, Ferguson, E. G., Edwards, M. E., & Ennis, N. (2019). Prevalence and Correlates of Psychological Distress among Retired Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review. International review of sport and exercise psychology, 12(1), 265–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2018.1469162
Markland, D., y Ingledew, D. K. (2007). Exercise participation motives: A self-determination theory perspective. En M. S. Hagger y N. L. D. Chatzisarantis (Eds.), Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport (pp. 23–34,302–305). Human Kinetics.
Melekoğlu, T., Sezgin, E., Işın, A., y Türk, A. (2019). The effects of a physically active lifestyle on the health of former professional football players. Sports, 7(4), 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7040075
Miller, W. R., y Rollnick, S. (2013). Motivational interviewing: Helping people change. Guilford Press.
Normand, M. P. (2016). Less is more: Psychologists can learn more by studying fewer people. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 934. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00934
Nurmi, J., Hagger, M. S., Haukkala, A., Araújo-Soares, V., y Hankonen, N. (2016). Relations between autonomous motivation and leisure-time physical activity participation: The mediating role of self-regulation techniques. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 38(2), 128-137. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2015-0222
Oltmans, E., Confectioner, K., Jonkers, R., Kerkhoffs, G. M., Moen, M., Verhagen, E., ... y Gouttebarge, V. (2021). A 12-month prospective cohort study on symptoms of mental health disorders among Dutch former elite athletes. The Physician and Sports medicine, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2020.1868276
Page, J., y Thelwell, R. (2013). The value of social validation in single-case methods in sport and exercise psychology. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 25(1), 61-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2012.663859
Pallarés, S., Miró, S., Pérez-Rivases, A., Torregrossa, M., Ramis, Y., Cruz, J., y Viladrich, C. (2020). Motivación hacia la actividad física de adolescentes, adultos mayores y deportistas de élite retirados. Pensamiento Psicológico, 18(2), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javerianacali.PPSI18-2.mafa
Park, S., Lavallee, D., y Tod, D. (2013). Athletes' career transition out of sport: a systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6(1), 22-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2012.687053
Prochaska, J., y DiClemente, C. (1984). The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapy. Dow Jones-Irwin.
Stambulova, N., Alfermann, D., Statler, T., y CôTé, J. E. A. N. (2009). ISSP position stand: Career development and transitions of athletes. International journal of sport and exercise psychology, 7(4), 395-412. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2009.9671916
Silva, A. M., Nunes, C. L., Matias, C. N., Jesus, F., Francisco, R., Cardoso, M., Santos, I., Carraça, E., Silva, M., Sardinha, L., Martins, P., y Minderico, C. S. (2020). Champ4life Study Protocol: A One-Year Randomized Controlled Trial of a Lifestyle Intervention for Inactive Former Elite Athletes with Overweight/Obesity. Nutrients, 12(2), 286. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020286
Stephan, Y., Torregrosa, M., y Sánchez, X. (2007). The Body Matters: Psychophysical Impact of Retiring from Elite Sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(1), 73-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.01.006
Taylor, J., y Ogilvie, B. C. (1994). A conceptual model of adaptation to retirement among athletes. Journal of applied sport psychology, 6(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413209408406462
Thelwell, R. C., y Greenlees, I. A. (2001). The effects of a mental skills training package on gymnasium triathlon performance. The Sport Psychologist, 15(2), 127-141. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.15.2.127
Torregrosa, M., Chamorro, J. L., Prato, L., y Ramis, Y. (2021). Grupos, entornos y carrera deportiva. En Dirección de equipos deportivos (pp. 355-371). Tirant Humanidades.
Torregrossa, M., Conde, E., Pérez, A., Ramis, Y., y Soriano, G. (2019). La actividad física y el deporte saludable en exdeportistas de élite. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 19(2), 12-27.
Torregrosa, M., Ramis, Y., Pallarés, S., Azócar, F., y Selva, C. (2015). Olympic athletes back to retirement: A qualitative longitudinal study. Psychology of sport and exercise, 21, 50-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.03.003
Torregrossa, M., Regüela, S., y Mateos, M. (2020). Career Assitance Programs En D. Hackfort y R. J. Schinke (Eds.) The Routledge international encyclopedia of sport and exercise psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 73-88). Routledge.
Turner, M. J. (2016). Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), irrational and rational beliefs, and the mental health of athletes. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(9), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01423
Turner, M. J., y Davis, H. S. (2019). Exploring the effects of rational Emotive Behavior Therapy on the irrational beliefs and self-determined motivation of triathletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 31(3), 253–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2018.1446472
Turner, M. J., y Barker, J. B. (2014). Using rational Emotive Behavior Therapy with athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 28(1), 75–90. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2013-0012
Turner, M. J., Wood, A. G., Barker, J. B., y Chadha, N. (2020). Rational Self-talk: A Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) Perspective. En Self-talk in Sport (pp. 109-122). Routledge.
Witkowski, S., y Spangenburg, E. (2008). Reduced physical activity and the retired athlete: a dangerous combination? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(12), 952–953. http://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm2008.054353
Woitas-Ślubowska, D. (2009). Influence of participation in leisure time physical activity on tobacco and alcohol consumption among former athletes and non-athletes. Journal of Human Kinetics volume, 21, 119-126.
Wood, A. G., Barker, J. B., Turner, M. J., y Thomson, P. (2018). Exploring the effects of a single rational Emotive Behavior Therapy workshop in elite Blind soccer players. The Sport Psychologist, 32(4), 321–332. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2017-0122
Wood, A., Mack, R., y Turner, M. (2020). Developing Self-determined Motivation and Performance with an Elite Athlete: Integrating Motivational Interviewing with Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. Journal of Rational-Emotive y Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 38(4), 540-567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-020-00351-6
Wylleman, P. (2019). A developmental and holistic perspective on transiting out of elite sport. En M. H. Anshel (Ed.), APA handbook of sport and exercise psychology: Vol. 1. Sport psychology (pp. 201–216). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000123-011
Las obras que se publican en esta revista están sujetas a los siguientes términos:
1. El Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia (la editorial) conserva los derechos patrimoniales (copyright) de las obras publicadas, y favorece y permite la reutilización de las mismas bajo la licencia de uso indicada en el punto 2.
2. Las obras se publican en la edición electrónica de la revista bajo una licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 3.0 España (texto legal). Se pueden copiar, usar, difundir, transmitir y exponer públicamente, siempre que: i) se cite la autoría y la fuente original de su publicación (revista, editorial y URL de la obra); ii) no se usen para fines comerciales; iii) se mencione la existencia y especificaciones de esta licencia de uso.
3. Condiciones de auto-archivo. Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir electrónicamente las versiones pre-print (versión antes de ser evaluada) y/o post-print (versión evaluada y aceptada para su publicación) de sus obras antes de su publicación, ya que favorece su circulación y difusión más temprana y con ello un posible aumento en su citación y alcance entre la comunidad académica. Color RoMEO: verde.
