The inclugram as an observation tool for the analysis of an inclusive teaching intervention in Physical Education

Authors

DOI: https://doi.org/10.6018/cpd.704921
Keywords: Inclusion, disability, observational methodology, systematic observation

Abstract

The complexity of inclusion demands a cross-cutting approach to the joint participation of people with and without disabilities. Faced with this challenge, physical education teachers have two key didactic tasks in their teaching: designing instruction and assessing the degree of inclusion their teaching offers in practice. A didactic framework exists that integrates these two tasks, making them viable when combined through an observational tool. Observational methodology provides crucial support for giving meaning, clarity, and quality to teaching interventions from an inclusive perspective. An ad hoc tool (inclugram) is provided that allows for the visual representation of didactic interventions through a graphic depiction of the teaching sequence and student performance. This tool is based on an original instrument that has been simplified through a process of reducing its complexity. The modified instrument serves as a self-assessment tool to evaluate the scope of inclusive approaches, contributing to improved teacher training. The process of reducing complexity involved analysis based on frequency and redundancy, as well as an assessment of the observer's cognitive load; this served to make the teacher aware of elements of pedagogical quality and their practical application within a motor task designed with an inclusive intent. Inter- and intra-observer reliability tests were conducted to confirm the internal consistency of the modified recording instrument, and a proposed index for evaluating the quality of inclusive teaching interventions is also presented.

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Author Biographies

Jorge Miguel Fernández, Universidad de La Laguna, España

Tenured Lecturer (Type 1) in the Department of Didactics of Body Expression at the University of La Laguna.

Brief generic professional curriculum:

Physical Education Teacher in Primary Education (1991-2006)Physical Education Teacher in Secondary Education (2006-2018)Part-time Associate Professor in the Department of Specific Didactics (Area of ​​Didactics of Body Expression) at the University of La Laguna (2003-2018)Assistant Lecturer in the Department of Specific Didactics (Area of ​​Didactics of Body Expression) at the University of La Laguna (2018-2022)Tenured Lecturer (Type 1) in the Department of Specific Didactics (Area of ​​Didactics of Body Expression) at the University of La Laguna since June 2022.

Brief Research Curriculum:

-Several studies on the inclusion processes of students with motor disabilities in Physical Education (PE) classes, University Service-Learning (USL) in Physical Activity and Sport (PAS), and Motor Competence in PE. -Doctoral Thesis (2014): “Impact of teacher intervention on the inclusion of students with motor disabilities in PE. A double case study in Secondary Education.” University of La Laguna Press.-Several publications in book chapters related to inclusion in PE and USL.-Participation in various Innovation and Transfer projects at the University of La Laguna (ULL) related to: Inclusion in PE, Formative Assessment in the University context, and USL in PAS for social inclusion.-Component of the National R&D Research Project (PID2019-105916RB-100): “USL in PAS.” "Opportunity for Social Inclusion," funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation.-Member, Local Coordinator, and Board Member of the RIADIS Scientific Society (Network for Research in Service-Learning in AFD for Social Inclusion), comprised of approximately 70 researchers from various Spanish and South American universities, including the University of La Laguna.-Member of the National Association of APSU.-Member of the Center for Sports Science Studies (CECIDE)

Research Areas: 

Teaching Strategies for the Inclusion of Students with Disabilities in Physical Education-University Service Learning in Physical Activity and Sport and its application in vulnerable socio-educational contexts-Member of the Research and Innovation Group in Physical Activity and Sport Teaching (IIDAFD), University of La Laguna. -Member and Local Coordinator of the Scientific Society and National Research Network on Service Learning in Physical Activity and Sport for Social Inclusion (RIADIS)-Member of the Board of Directors of the National Association of University Service Learning (AsocAPS(U)). -Member of the Center for Studies in Sports Sciences (CECIDE) at the University of La Laguna.

Carmen Rosa Sánchez, Universidad de La Laguna, España

Full Professor PhD in Psychology from the University of La Laguna. Attendance at various training courses in observational methodology and the use of different software related to this methodology. Lecturer in the Department of Behavioral Science Methodology since 1991. My professional activity has focused on research in various fields and areas of knowledge. I have conducted research as Principal Investigator on the prevalence of risk factors for externalizing and internalizing disorders in the Canary Islands. The most notable publications in recent years are the following: Sánchez-López, C.R.; Ramos-Pérez, C.; Díaz-Cruz, F., Simón-Pulido, M. (2010). Validation of the EDAH scale for the assessment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in adolescents. Rev. Neurol., 50 (5), pp.283-290. Sánchez-López, C.R.; Díaz-Cruz, F.; Ramos-Pérez, C. (2010). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescence: standardization of the EDAH(a) scale. Rev. Neurol., 51(6), pp. 337-346. Sánchez-López, C.R.; Ramos-Pérez, C.; Simón-Pulido, M. (2012). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: validation of the EDAH scale in a primary school population in the Canary Islands. Rev Neurol, 54(1), 10-16. Fernández, M., Sánchez-López, C.R., Jiménez, F., Navarro, V., Argilaga, M.T. (2012). Coding system and data quality analysis for an inclusive intervention in Physical Education. Journal of Sport Psychology, 21 (1), 67-73. Sánchez-López, CR, Perestelo-Pérez, L, Ramos Pérez, C, López Bastila, J, Serrano Aguilar, P (2014). Health-related quality of life in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology. I am the coordinator for the University of La Laguna in the Research Group on Methodology for the Analysis of Social Interaction (MASI). This is an international group comprised of approximately 20 universities from various European and American countries. I am also the Principal Investigator of the PSICOINFAD research group: Psychology of Childhood and Adolescence. I participate in an R&D project, "Observation of interaction in sport and physical activity: technological and methodological advances in automated qualitative-quantitative recordings."

Vicente Navarro, Universidad de La Laguna, España

External collaborator Member of the Research and Innovation Group in Physical Activity and Sport Teaching at the University of La Laguna Retired professor (former tenured professor at the University of La Laguna)

Francisco Jiménez, Universidad de La Laguna, España

Category: Full Professor Essential Academic Background: PhD in Physical Education Brief Professional Curriculum Vitae: In the field of education, he has taught at the primary, secondary, and high school levels. He was also a professor at the Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (1991-93). Since the 1993-94 academic year, he has been a professor at the University of La Laguna, teaching subjects related to Physical Education Didactics and School Sports Initiation. Professionally, he served as technical coordinator for the Canary Islands School of Sport program, under the General Directorate of Sports of the Government of the Canary Islands (1990-96). This program aimed at the ongoing training of sports coaches. He has also participated as an instructor in initial training courses for sports coaches in handball and cycling. Brief Research CV:He has participated as a researcher in several funded research projects related to diverse topics, such as the development of a catalog of traditional Canarian games and sports, and formative assessment, notably an R&D project on assessment in the initial training of physical education teachers (2008-11). He has also participated as a coordinator and researcher in various educational innovation projects related to formative and shared assessment in university teaching, obtaining access to the Educational Innovation in University Teaching grant for coordinating the teaching innovation project “Development and improvement of systems and methods of formative and shared assessment in university teaching” proposed by the Vice-Rectorate for Institutional Quality and Educational Innovation in the 2010-11 academic year. He is currently participating as a researcher in the R&D project “Teaching Competencies in Physical Education Teacher Training.” He has contributed to the publication of several books related to sports education (Sport and Comprehensive Teaching, 2012; Research in Sports Training, 2013). He is the coordinator of the Academic Committee of the Inter-University Doctoral Program “Motor Praxeology, Physical Education and Sports Training.” He has directed and continues to direct several doctoral theses related to teaching intervention in Physical Education.Research areas: He belongs to the national network for formative and shared assessment in university teaching. He is the coordinator of the research group "Research and Innovation in Physical Activity and Sport Teaching." He currently works on the following research areas: formative assessment in university teaching, analysis of the teaching and learning process in sport, and teacher intervention in physical education.

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Published
16-09-2026
How to Cite
Fernández, J. M., Sánchez, C. R., Navarro, V., & Jiménez, F. (2026). The inclugram as an observation tool for the analysis of an inclusive teaching intervention in Physical Education . Sport Psychology Notebooks, 26(3), 506–524. https://doi.org/10.6018/cpd.704921
Issue
Vol. 26 No. 3 (2026): CPD3(2026)
Section
The Scientific Legacy of María Teresa Anguera Argilaga

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