Adaptation, Validation, and Reliability of the Indonesian Version of the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ)
Supporting Agencies
- Directorate of Research, Technology, and Community Service, Directorate General of Higher Education, Research, and Technology, Ministry of Education and Culture (Grant No. 544/UN20.2.1/PG/2024).
Abstract
The concept of mental toughness (MT) is increasingly recognized as a key factor in athletic performance. The Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ) is an MT measuring instrument developed in a sports context and in English. However, few studies test psychometric structures across different languages and cultural contexts. Therefore, this research aims to adapt and test the SMTQ in the Indonesian context and analyze invariance based on the comparison between athletes and non-athletes. A total of 856 people participated in this study, but the final data were analyzed for 724 participants (Mage = 21.56 years, SD = 7.63). The number of athletes was 385 people (Mage = 20.79 years, SD = 5.05), while the number of non-athletes was 339 people (Mage = 22.42 years, SD = 9.70). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to analyze the psychometric structure of the SMTQ. The research results showed that the three models tested (single-factor model, three-factor model, and higher-order model) did not meet the model fit. The results of the revised model show that the revised three-factor model is a model that fits the data (CFI = .983, TLI = .977, RMSEA = .054, SRMR = .049). The invariance results based on status (athlete vs. non-athlete) found that there was no significant decrease in model fit and the SMTQid invariance achieved strict invariance. The validity of SMTQid shows very good factor loading values and falls within the good to excellent criteria (λ = .57 to .86), as well as convergent validity, which shows a significant correlation with MTI (r = .38, p < .001). The results of the reliability test show CR values = .82, .79, and .81 and α values = .73, .60,and .83 for each of the confidence, constancy, and control scales in the SMTQ.
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