Influencia del nivel educativo en los niveles de actividad física, la percepción de la salud y el bienestar psicológico de las mujeres españolas: un estudio descriptivo transversal
Resumen
El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la percepción subjetiva sobre los niveles de salud, actividad física y perfil psicológico en mujeres españolas. Además, se pretendió conocer la asociación entre el nivel de estudios y las variables asociadas a la calidad de vida con el fin de identificar patrones y posibles desigualdades que puedan informar el diseño de intervenciones dirigidas a mejorar el bienestar físico y mental en este grupo poblacional. Mediante un diseño selectivo analítico de corte transversal, fueron recopilados un total de 947 cuestionarios realizados a mujeres españolas. Cada participante respondió a los ítems de 3 test validados (IPAG, GHQ, SF12). Se llevaron a cabo análisis descriptivos, bivariados y multivariados descriptivos mediante modelo de árbol de decisión. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron comprobar la existencia de diferencias en función del nivel de estudios para los ítems SF12-1 (p<.001; ES=.16), SF12-2 (p<.001; ES=.14), SF12-3 (p<.05; ES=.09), SF12-8 (p<.001; ES=.15), SF12-10 (p<.001; ES=.17), GHQ12-9 (p<.05; ES=.10), GHQ12-10 (p<.05; ES=.12), IPAQ-1 (p<.05; ES=.16), IPAQ-3 (p<.005; ES=.26), IPAQ-4 (p<.05; ES=.29) e IPAQ-5 (p<.05; ES=.18), no pudiendo concluirse la existencia de diferencias para el resto de ítems analizados. Los tamaños del efecto reportados fueron consideramos pequeños o moderados. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron concluir la asociación entre el nivel de estudios y las dimensiones analizadas, poniendo de manifiesto la necesidad de incluir el nivel educativo en el diseño de programas de actividad física en mujeres españolas.
Descargas
-
Resumen5
-
(255-270) Influencia del ...10
Citas
1. Armstrong, N., Fu, Z., & Woolf, K. (2024). The relationship between lifestyle behaviors and mental illness in women in college. Nutrients, 16(14), 2211. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142211
2. Ato, M., López, J. J., & Benavente, A. (2013). Un sistema de clasificación de los diseños de investigación en psicología [A classification system for research designs in psychology]. Anales de Psicología, 29(3), 1038–1059. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.3.178511
3. Beenackers, M. A., Kamphuis, C. B. M., Giskes, K., Brug, J., Kunst, A. E., Burdorf, A., & van Lenthe, F. J. (2012). Socioeconomic inequalities in occupational, leisure-time, and transport related physical activity among European adults: A systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9, 116. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-9-116
4. Biernat, E., & Piątkowska, M. (2018). Stay active for life: Physical activity across life stages. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 13, 1341–1352. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S167131
5. Bošnjak, L. (2001). Declaration of Helsinki: The cornerstone of research ethics. Archive of Oncology, 9(3), 179-184.
6. Buecker, S., Simacek, T., Ingwersen, B., Terwiel, S., & Simonsmeier, B. A. (2021). Physical activity and subjective well-being in healthy individuals: a meta-analytic review. Health Psychology Review, 15(4), 574–592. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2020.1760728
7. Codella, R., Chulvi-Medrano, I., & Martin-Rivera, F. (2024). Physical exercise and diabetes: exploring the relationship and impact on health outcome. Physical Exercise and Diabetes: Exploring the Relationship and Impact on Health Outcome. Frontiers in Endocrinology., 15, 1505709. https://doi.org/10.3389/FENDO.2024.1505709
8. Coombs, N. C., Meriwether, W. E., Caringi, J., & Newcomer, S. R. (2021). Barriers to healthcare access among U.S. adults with mental health challenges: A population-based study. SSM - Population Health, 15, 100847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100847
9. Craig, C. L., Marshall, A. L., Sjöström, M., Bauman, A. E., Booth, M. L., Ainsworth, B. E., Pratt, M., Ekelund, U., Yngve, A., Sallis, J. F., & Oja, P. (2003). International physical activity questionnaire: 12-Country reliability and validity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(8), 1381–1395. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB
10. Cutler, D. M., & Lleras-Muney, A. (2010). Understanding differences in health behaviors by education. Journal of Health Economics, 29(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2009.10.003
11. Davidson, P. M., McGrath, S. J., Meleis, A. I., Stern, P., DiGiacomo, M., Dharmendra, T., Correa-De-Araujo, R., Campbell, J. C., Hochleitner, M., Messias, D. A. K. H., Brown, H., Teitelman, A., Sindhu, S., Reesman, K., Richter, S., Sommers, M. S., Schaeffer, D., Stringer, M., Sampselle, C., … Covan, E. K. (2011). The health of women and girls determines the health and well-being of our modern world: A white paper from the international council on women’s health issues. Health Care for Women International, 32(10), 870–886. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2011.603872
12. Fossati, C., Torre, G., Vasta, S., Giombini, A., Quaranta, F., Papalia, R., & Pigozzi, F. (2021). Physical exercise and mental health: The routes of a reciprocal relation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(23), 12364. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312364
13. Gaesser, G. A., & Angadi, S. S. (2021). Obesity treatment: Weight loss versus increasing fitness and physical activity for reducing health risks. IScience, 24(10). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102995
14. Garcia, L., Mendonça, G., Benedetti, T. R. B., Borges, L. J., Streit, I. A., Christofoletti, M., Silva-Júnior, F. L. e., Papini, C. B., & Binotto, M. A. (2022). Barriers and facilitators of domain-specific physical activity: a systematic review of reviews. BMC Public Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14385-1
15. Goldberg, D. P. (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire: A technique for the identification and assessment of non-psychotic psychiatric illness. Oxford University Press.
16. Gombarčíková, T., Svobodová, L., Svobodová, A., & Gimunová, M. (2025). The effect of physical activity intervention and detraining on postmenopausal osteopenia and osteoporosis: A systematic review. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 7, 1655404. https://doi.org/10.3389/FSPOR.2025.1655404
17. Gravetter, F., & Wallnau, L. (2007). Statistics for the behavioral sciences. Cengage.
18. Guthold, R., Stevens, G. A., Riley, L. M., & Bull, F. C. (2018). Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1·9 million participants. The Lancet Global Health, 6(10), e1077–e1086. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30357-7
19. Holtermann, A., Krause, N., Van Der Beek, A. J., & Straker, L. (2018). The physical activity paradox: Six reasons why occupational physical activity (OPA) does not confer the cardiovascular health benefits that leisure time physical activity does. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(3), 140-150. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097965
20. Harriss, D. J., MacSween, A., & Atkinson, G. (2019). Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research: 2020 update. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(13), 813–817. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1015-3123.
21. Kaleta, D., Polaǹska, K., Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, E., Hanke, W., & Drygas, W. (2009). Factors influencing self-perception of health status. Central European Journal of Public Health, 17(3), 122–127. https://doi.org/10.21101/cejph.b0017
22. Lee, C. (1999). Health habits and psychological well-being among young, middle-aged and older Australian women. British Journal of Health Psychology, 4(4), 301–314. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910799168650
23. Ley Orgánica 3/2018, de 5 de diciembre, de Protección de Datos Personales y garantía de los derechos digitales (2018). Boletín Oficial del Estado, nº 294, 119788–119857.
24. Lorant, V., Deliège, D., Eaton, W., Robert, A., Philippot, P., & Ansseau, M. (2003). Socioeconomic inequalities in depression: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology, 157(2), 98–112. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwf182
25. Lotan, M., Merrick, J., & Carmeli, E. (2005). A review of physical activity and well-being. In International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 17(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1515/IJAMH.2005.17.1.23
26. Mackenbach, J. P., Stirbu, I., Roskam, A.-J. R., Schaap, M. M., Menvielle, G., Leinsalu, M., & Kunst, A. E. (2008). Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health in 22 European Countries. New England Journal of Medicine, 358(23), 2468–2481. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmsa0707519
27. Mang, R. (2013). Physical Activity and Well-being : A Review of the Health Benefits of Physical Activity on Health Outcomes. Journal of Applied Medical Sciences, 2(2), 69–78.
28. Marcos-Pardo, P. J., Vaquero-Cristóbal, R., & Huber, G. (2024). The Power of Resistance Training: Evidence-based Recommendations for Middle-aged and Older Women’s Health. Retos, 51, 319–331. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v51.99638
29. Matud, M. P., López-Curbelo, M., & Fortes, D. (2019). Gender and psychological well-being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193531
30. Milat, A. J., Bauman, A., & Redman, S. (2015). Narrative review of models and success factors for scaling up public health interventions. Implementation Science, 10(1), 113. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-015-0301-6
31. Moreira Gregori, P., & Martin, J. (2025). Sport practice and physical activity—the social function of sport in contemporary societies. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 7, 1693014. https://doi.org/10.3389/FSPOR.2025.1693014
32. Moreno, J. P., & Johnston, C. A. (2014). Barriers to Physical Activity in Women. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 8(3), 164-166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827614521954
33. Pacesova, P., Smela, P., Kracek, S., & Plevkova, J. (2018). Women’s well-being, state and trait anxiety regarding their sport activity. Sport Mont, 16(2), 33–38. https://doi.org/10.26773/smj.180606
34. Peeters, G., Beard, J. R., Deeg, D. J. H., Tooth, L. R., Brown, W. J., & Dobson, A. J. (2019). Longitudinal associations between lifestyle, socio-economic position and physical functioning in women at different life stages. European Journal of Ageing, 16(2), 167–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-018-0484-1
35. Peters, S. A. E., Woodward, M., Jha, V., Kennedy, S., & Norton, R. (2016). Women’s health: A new global agenda. BMJ Global Health, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2016-000080
36. Pinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. (2001). Gender differences in self-concept and psychological well-being in old age: A meta-analysis. Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 56(4), 195–213. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/56.4.P195
37. Román-Viñas, B., Serra-Majem, L., Hagströmer, M., Ribas-Barba, L., Sjöström, M., & Segura-Cardona, R. (2010). International physical activity questionnaire: Reliability and validity in a Spanish population. European Journal of Sport Science, 10(5), 297–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390903426667
38. Sabo, D. F., Miller, K. E., Melnick, M. J., & Heywood, L. (2004). Her Life Depends on it: Sport , Physical Activity and the Health and Well-Being of American Girls. Women´s Sport Foundation.
39. Sánchez-López, M. P., & Dresch, V. (2008). The 12-Item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12): Reliability, external validity and factor structure in the Spanish population. Psicothema, 20(4), 839–843.
40. Saxena, S., Van Ommeren, M., Tang, K. C., & Armstrong, T. P. (2005). Mental health benefits of physical activity. Journal of Mental Health, 14(5), 445-451. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638230500270776
41. Shavaisi, F., Heydarpour, S., Jalilian, N., Jalali, A., & Rezaei, M. (2024). The effects of positive psychology and physical activity on depression, anxiety, and stress among students with premenstrual syndrome: a single-blind, randomized controlled trial. BMC Women’s Health, 24(1), 499. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-024-03333-3
42. Singh, B., Olds, T., Curtis, R., Dumuid, D., Virgara, R., Watson, A., Szeto, K., O’Connor, E., Ferguson, T., Eglitis, E., Miatke, A., Simpson, C. E. M., & Maher, C. (2023). Effectiveness of physical activity interventions for improving depression, anxiety and distress: An overview of systematic reviews. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 57(18), 1203–1209. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2022-106195
43. Sørensen, K., Pelikan, J. M., Röthlin, F., Ganahl, K., Slonska, Z., Doyle, G., Fullam, J., Kondilis, B., Agrafiotis, D., Uiters, E., Falcon, M., Mensing, M., Tchamov, K., Van Den Broucke, S., & Helmut Brand. (2015). Health literacy in Europe: Comparative results of the European health literacy survey (HLS-EU). European Journal of Public Health, 25(6), 1053–1058. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckv043
44. Sran, S. K., Vats, P., & Wadhawan, P. (2021). Effect of exercise on life satisfaction and happiness. Indian Journal of Health & Wellbeing, 12(1), 79–82. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24062.25924
45. Tristancho-Celis, C., Parra-Jaramillo, L., Quiceno-Florez, C., Sandberg, T., Franco, A., Salazar-Tamayo, D., & Aguirre-Loaiza, H. (2025). Efectos de la actividad física sobre la salud mental: una revisión paraguas de carácter integral. Revista de Psicología Aplicada al Deporte & al Ejercicio Físico, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.5093/rpadef2025a16
46. Vilagut, G., Valderas, J. M., Ferrer, M., Garin, O., López-García, E., & Alonso, J. (2008). Interpretación de los cuestionarios de salud SF-12 y SF-36 a partir de las puntuaciones de los componentes físico y mental. Medicina Clínica, 130(19), 726–735.
47. Von dem Knesebeck, O., Verde, P. E., & Dragano, N. (2006). Education and health in 22 European countries. Social Science and Medicine, 63(5), 1344–1351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.03.043
48. Wang, F., & Boros, S. (2021). The effect of physical activity on sleep quality: a systematic review. European Journal of Physiotherapy, 23(1), 11-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/21679169.2019.1623314
49. Warburton, D. E. R., & Bredin, S. S. D. (2017). Health benefits of physical activity: A systematic review of current systematic reviews. Current Opinion in Cardiology, 32(5), 541-556. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000000437
50. Ware, J. E., Kosinski, M., & Keller, S. D. (1996). A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: Construction of Scales and Preliminary Tests of Reliability and Validity. Medical Care, 34(3), 220–233. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199603000-00003
51. Wei, P., Qin, T., & Zhu, C. (2025). Effects of physical activity participation on subjective well-being of Chinese residents: mediating effects of physical health status and perceived social development. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1415158. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2025.1415158
52. Zanobini, P., Riccio, M. Del, Lorini, C., & Bonaccorsi, G. (2024). Empowering sustainable healthcare: the role of health literacy. Sustainability, 16(10), 3964. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16103964
53. Zhang, K., Liu, X., Ma, C., Zhao, Y., Xi, X., Hou, G., Liu, L., Gao, Y., & Zhang, D. (2026). The “Futile Labour” Paradox: occupational physical activity fails to offset diabetes burden and is associated with microvascular stress signals in rural older adults. Frontiers in Public Health, 14, 1790766. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPUBH.2026.1790766
54. Zhong, Y., Meng, Q., & Healthcare, C. (2024). Mechanism-driven strategies for reducing fall risk in the elderly: a multidisciplinary review of exercise interventions. Healthcare, 12(23), 2394. https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/23/2394
55. Zhou, X., Kong, Y., Yu, B., Shi, S., & He, H. (2025). Effects of exercise on sleep quality in general population: Meta-analysis and systematic review. Sleep Medicine, 125, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2024.10.036
Las obras que se publican en esta revista están sujetas a los siguientes términos:
1. El Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia (la editorial) conserva los derechos patrimoniales (copyright) de las obras publicadas, y favorece y permite la reutilización de las mismas bajo la licencia de uso indicada en el punto 2.
2. Las obras se publican en la edición electrónica de la revista bajo una licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 3.0 España (texto legal). Se pueden copiar, usar, difundir, transmitir y exponer públicamente, siempre que: i) se cite la autoría y la fuente original de su publicación (revista, editorial y URL de la obra); ii) no se usen para fines comerciales; iii) se mencione la existencia y especificaciones de esta licencia de uso.
3. Condiciones de auto-archivo. Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir electrónicamente las versiones pre-print (versión antes de ser evaluada) y/o post-print (versión evaluada y aceptada para su publicación) de sus obras antes de su publicación, ya que favorece su circulación y difusión más temprana y con ello un posible aumento en su citación y alcance entre la comunidad académica. Color RoMEO: verde.
