Quo Vadis, India? La evolución del capitalismo en India en el sistema-mundo en la etapa de capitalismo del conocimiento. Rasgos, tendencias y desafíos

Abstract

India possesses significant strengths within the global knowledge capitalism, such as its massive young population, its leadership in the information technology and telecommunications sectors and outsources services, and an emerging startup ecosystem driven by government policies. However, it also faces critical structural weaknesses: low investment in R&D, extreme socioeconomic inequality, and an education system that does not guarantee equitable access to training in advanced skills. Within the theoretical framework of Wallerstein and Chase-Dunn’s world-systems analysis, India oscillates between a semi-peripheral role and the aspiration to integrate into the center of the world-system. Its recent capitalist evolution (since the neoliberal reforms of 1991) prioritizes low-knowledge manufacturing and tertiary services, but it depends on foreign technological inputs and reproduces global hierarchies of exploitation. The transition to a central model of knowledge capitalism will require profound institutional reforms and a strategic, rather than subordinate, integration into the global economy.