Independencia de las instituciones: Uno de los muchos legados de la guerra fría
Resumen
La lucha por la hegemonía ha adoptado en el mundo moderno una forma imperial no reconocible con cánones clásicos de lo que se entiende por imperio. Pero funciona como tal, apalancando sobre la moneda. De los varios elementos de la panoplia de construcción imperial, nos ocuparemos aquí de la idea de independencia de las instituciones, incluidas las de gestión de la moneda; independencia de la soberanía popular en el caso del centro del imperio y nacional-popular en el caso de los territorios sometidos a dominio. La idea de la independencia de las instituciones fue perfilada durante la guerra fría y llevado a su máxima perfección en el período subsiguiente al supuesto fin de esta. Una de las paradojas de la guerra fría es que al tiempo que se construía esa idea de independencia, que ha substituido radicalmente el ideal de la democracia clásica por “automatismos económicos”, se libraron decenas de guerras proxy e intervenciones de cambio de régimen que negaban el mismo devenir automático del mundo. La idea de la independencia de las instituciones construye el paradigma de un devenir natural del mundo, de modo que el poder deja de ser la elaboración e imposición de alternativas para devenir la interpretación de signos arcanos. De este modo se construye la sigética del sufrimiento para las gentes del común, donde sus causas aparecen como resultado del simple azar -mala suerte- o de la inadaptación -mala construcción- o de la pereza -mala voluntad-. Analizaremos en la primera parte las bases teóricas de la construcción de la independencia, en la segunda analizaremos algunas de sus consecuencias y, en la tercera parte, propondremos algunas conclusiones y soluciones que las gentes del común pueden impulsar para recuperar el control del devenir del mundo.
Descargas
Citas
Adermon, A., Lindahl, M., & Waldenström, D. (2018). Intergenerational Wealth Mobility and the Role of Inheritance: Evidence from Multiple Generations. The Economic Journal, 128, F482–F513. doi:10.1111/ecoj.12535
Agamben, G. (2017). Stasis: la guerra civil como paradigma político (Homo sacer, II, 2). Adriana Hidalgo Editora S.A.
Aglietta, M., Ahmed, P. O., & Ponsot, J.-F. (2016). La Monnaie. Entre Dettes Et Souveraineté. Odile Jacob.
Alesina, A., Favero, C., & Giavazzi, F. (2019). Austerity When It Works and When It Doesn't. Princeton University Press.
Allen, D. S., Benkler, Y., Downey, L., Henderson, R., & Simons, J. (Edits.). (2022). A political economy of justice. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Anglim, S. (2016). Orde Wingate and the British army. London: Routledge,.
Anonimo. (1797). De la nécessité d’adopter l’esclavage en France ; 1° Comme moyen de prospérité pour nos colonies ; 2° Comme punition pour les coupables ; 3° Comme ressource en faveur des indigents.
Anter, A. (2014). Max Weber's Theory of the Modern State Origins, Structure and Significance. Palgrave Macmillan Limited.
Arslanalp, S., & Tsuda, T. (2014). Tracking Global Demand for Advanced Economy Sovereign Debt. IMF Economic Review, 62, 430-464.
Aydin, G. (2010). ‘color Revolutions’ In The Post-Soviet Space: The Case Of Georgia. Ph.D. dissertation, The Graduate School Of Social Sciences Of Middle East Technical University.
Bagehot, W. (1896). Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. Ltd.
Baggott Carter, E., & Carter, B. L. (2023). Propaganda in Autocracies: Institutions, Information, and the Politics of Belief. Cambridge University Press.
Baker, D. (2016). Rigged How Globalization and the Rules of the Modern Economy Were Structured to Make the Rich Richer. Center for Economic and Policy Research.
Bandarage, A. (2023). Crisis in Sri Lanka and the world. De Gruyter.
Baptista, J. P., & Gradim, A. (2022). Who Believes in Fake News? Identification of Political (A)Symmetries. Social Sciences, 11, 460. doi:10.3390/socsci11100460
Baptista, J. P., Correia, E., Gradim, A., & Piñeiro-Naval, V. (2021). The Influence of Political Ideology on Fake News Belief: The Portuguese Case. Publications, 9, 23. doi:10.3390/publications9020023
Beissinger, M. (2022). Revolutionary City Urbanization and the Global Transformation of Rebellion. Princeton University Press.
Belmonte, L. A. (2010). Selling the American way. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Bessner, D. (2018). Democracy in exile. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Bevins, V. (2023). If we burn: the mass protest decade and the missingrevolution. New York: PublicAffairs.
Blyth, M. (2013). Austerity The History of a Dangerous Idea. Oxford University Press, Incorporated.
Boserup, S., Kopczuk, W., & Kreiner, C. (2016). The Role of Bequests in Shaping Wealth Inequality: Evidence from Danish Wealth Records. American Economic Review, 106, 656-661.
Boyd-Barrett, O., & Mirrlees, T. (Edits.). (2020). Media imperialism. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Bozarslan, H. (2014). Le luxe et la violence Domination et contestation chez Ibn Khaldûn. CNRS Éditions.
Braudel, F. (1985). La Dynamique du capitalisme. Les Editions Arthaud -Flammarion.
Brazinsky, G. A. (2007). Nation Building in South Korea. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Carrillo-García, G. (2022). Interpretar el mundo. Ensayos sobre la crisis de las sociedades contemporáneas. Calblanque.
Cavalletti, A. (2013). De la genèse des classeset de leur avenir politique. Éditions Flammarion.
Cheterian, V. (2008). Georgia "Rose Revolution": Change or Repetition? Tension between State-Building and Modernization Projects. Nationalities Papers, 36, 689–712. doi:10.1080/00905990802230530
Claverie, B., & Cluzel, F. (2022). “Cognitive Warfare”: The Advent of the Concept of “Cognitics” in the Field of Warfare.
Cohen, Y. (2013). Le Siècle des chefs. Éditions Amsterdam.
Cole, A., & Guyader, H. L. (2020). Cognitive. A 6th domain of operations. Tech. rep., Allied Command Transformation OTAN.
Commons, J. R. (1924). Legal Foundations of Capitalism. The McMillan Company.
Commons, J. R. (1989). Institutional Economics. Transaction Publishers.
Commun, P. (2016). Les Ordolibéraux : Histoire d’un libéralisme à l’allemande. Les Belles Lettres.
Coser, L. A. (1974). Greedy Institutions: Patterns of Undivided Commitment. Free Press.
Cox, S. R. (2014). Britain and the origin of Israeli Special Operations: SOE and PALMACH during the Second World War. Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict, 8, 60–78. doi:10.1080/17467586.2014.964741
de Malkiel, M. R. (1952). La Idea de La Fama En La Edad Media Castellana. Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Defoe, D. (1726). The Political Hiftory of the Devil, as Well Ancient As Modern in Two Parts. T. Warner, at the Black Boy in Pater-nofier Row.
Deneen, P. J. (2019). Why liberalism failed. Yale University Press.
Did, M. (2024). Everything to Play For How Video Games Are Changing the World. Verso Books.
Dobbins, J. (2003). America's Role in Nation-Building. RAND Corporation.
Dobbins, J., Cohen, R. S.,Bryan Frederick, N. C., Geist, E., DeLuca, P., Howard J. Shatz, F. E., & Williams, B. (2019). Extending Russia. Competing from Advantegeous Ground. Tech. rep.
Dostoievski, F. (2013). Los hermanos Karamazov. Editorial Alba.
Downes, A. B. (2021). Catastrophic success. Cornell University Press.
Downey, L. R. (2025). Our Money: Monetary Policy as if Democracy Matters,. Princeton University Press.
Dufour, D.-R. (2019). Baise ton prochain: : une histoire souterraine du capitalisme. Actes Sud.
Dupuy, J.-P. (2014). L’Avenir de l’Économie, Sortir de l’économystification. Flammarion.
Duranti, M. (2017). The conservative human rights revolution: : European Identity, Transnational Politics, and the Origins of the European Concention. Oxford University Press.
Eichengreen, B., & Hausmann, R. (2005). Other People's Money. University Of Chicago Press.
Eradze, I. (2022). Financialisation of monetary policy in a dollarised economy: the case of Georgia. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 46, 1073–1086. doi:10.1093/cje/beac019
Erad, D. (2018). Video Games As A Propaganda Tool: representation of the Usa. Ph.D. dissertation, The Graduate School Of Social Sciences Of Middle East Technical University.
Eradze, I. (2022). Unravelling Dollarization Persistence. Routledge.
Fèvre, R. (2021). Political Economy of Power Ordoliberalism in Context, 1932-1950. Oxford University Press.
Findlay, R., & Lundahl, M. (2017). The Economics of the Frontier Conquest and Settlement. Palgrave Macmillan.
Fong, B. Y., & Naschek, M. (2021). NGOism: The Politics of the Third Sector. Catalyst Journal, Vol 5. Nº 1. https://catalyst-journal.com/2021/05/ngoism-the-politics-of-the-third-sector
Galofré-Vilà, G., Meissner, C. M., McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2021). Austerity and the Rise of the Nazi Party. The Journal of Economic History, 81, 81–113. doi:10.1017/s0022050720000601
Ganser, D. (2005). NATO's secret armies. Frank Cass.
Gautney, H. (2023). New Power Elite. Oxford University Press, Incorporated.
Gerlach, J. (2014). Color Revolutions in Eurasia. Springer.
Gibbs, D. N. (2024). Revolt of the Rich. Columbia University Press.
Girard, R. (1983). Des choses cachées depuis la fondation du monde. Grasset.
Gómez-Dávila, N. (2005). Notas. Villegas Editores.
Gómez-Dávila, N. (2006). Escolios a un texto implicito. Villegas Editores.
Gómez-Dávila, N. (2014). El reaccionario auténtico. Revista Universidad De Antioquia.
Gordon, R. (2024). How Do Electoral Votes, Presidential Approval, and Consumer Sentiment Respond to Economic Indicators? doi:10.3386/w33068
Gourevitch, P. A. (1986). Politics in hard times. Cornell University Press.
Grampp, W. D. (2000). What Did Smith Mean by the Invisible Hand? Journal of Political Economy, 108, 441–465. doi:10.1086/262125
Greenberg, U. (2015). The Weimar Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Gugushvili, D. (2016). Lessons from Georgia's neoliberal experiment: A rising tide does not necessarily lift all boats. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 50, 1–14. doi:10.1016/j.postcomstud.2016.11.001
Guha, R. (1998). Dominance without Hegemony: History and Power in Colonial India (Convergences: Inventories of the Present). Harvard University Press.
Guha, R. (2019). Dominación sin hegemonía. : Historia y poder en la India colonial. Traficantes de Sueños.
Halliday, F., & Sadeghi-Boroujerdi, E. (2024). Iran Dictatorship and Development. Oneworld Publications.
Harrington, J. (2008). The Commonwealth of Oceana and A system of politics (6. print. ed.). Cambridge Univ. Press.
Heller, H. (2019). Sovereignty A Contribution to the Theory of Public and International Law. Oxford University Press.
Herzog, D. (2020). Sovereignty, RIP. Yale University Press.
Immerwahr, D. (2020). How to Hide an Empire. Picador.
Jaldun, I. (1997). Introduccion a la Historia Universal. Fondo de Cultura Economica USA.
Kaiser, C. P. (2023). Georgian and Soviet. Cornell University Press.
Katchanovski, I. (2024). The Maidan Massacre in Ukraine (1st ed. 2024. ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
Kelsen, H. (1955). Foundations of Democracy. Ethics, 66, 1-101. doi:10.1086/291036
Kenen, P. B. (1969). The theory of optimum currency area: An eclectic view. In R. A.Mundell & A. K. Swoboda Monetary problems of the internationaleconomy. University of Chicago Press.
Klein-Martins, G. (2022). Long-run effects of austerity. Tech. rep., University of Massachusetts Amherst. Economics Department Working Paper Series 342. doi:https://doi.org/10.7275/h7q7-w307
Kojeve, A. (2005). La Nocion de Autoridad. Nueva Vision.
Korybko, A. (2015). Hybrid Wars: The Indirect Adaptive Approach To Regime Change. MoscowPeoples’ Friendship University of Russia.
Korybko, A. (2017). The Law Of Hybridwar: Eastern hemisphere. Korybko Self Edition.
Kunroo, M. H. (2015). Theory of Optimum Currency Areas: A Literature Survey. Review of Market Integration, 7, 87–116. doi:10.1177/0974929216631381
Kuziemko, I., Longuet-Marx, N., & Naidu, S. (2023). “Compensate the Losers?” Economic Policy and Partisan Realignment in the US. doi:10.3386/w31794
Lepsius, M. R., & Wendt, C. (2017). Max Weber and Institutional Theory. Springer.
Levin, D. H. (2020). Meddling in the Ballot Box.Oxford University Press.
Loraux, N. (2008). La Guerra Civil En Atenas. La Política Entre La Sombra Y La Utopía. Akal.
Macpherson, C. B. (1970). La teoría política del individualismo posesivo De Hobbes a Locke. Editorial Fontanella.
Mandeville, B. (1732). The Fable of the Bees or Private Vices, Publick Benefits, Vol. 1; Vol 2. Liberty Fund.
Marquetti, A. A., Miebach, A. D., & Morrone, H. (2024). Unequal development and capitalism. Routledge.
Martinez-Gros, G. (2014). Brève histoire des empires. Éditions du Seuil.
Mattei, C. E. (2022). Capital Order. University of Chicago Press.
McKinnon, R. I. (1963). Optimum Currency Areas. The American Economic Review, 53, ,717-725.
Mehrling, P. (2022). Money and Empire Charles P. Kindleberger and the Dollar System. Cambridge University Press.
Minsky, H. P. (1992). The Financial Instability Hypothesis. Tech. rep., The Levy Economics Institute Working Paper nº 74. doi:https://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/wp74.pdf
Mirrlees, T. (2016). Hearts and mines. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Mishra, P. (2020). Fanaticos insulsos. Galaxia Gutenberg, S.L.
Mitchell, L. A. (2012). The color revolutions. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Montaigne, M. d. (2004). Ensayos III. Ediciones Catedra S.A.
Moyn, S. (2023). Liberalism against itself. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Mundell, R. A. (1961). A Theory of Optimum Currency AreasRobert A. Mundell. The American Economic Review, 51, 657-665.
Nuñez, M. (2022) (a). Corrupción: ampliando el alcance. Corruption: Expanding the reach. Tendencias Sociales. Revista de Sociología, 8, 5-36. doi:https://doi.org/10.5944/ts.2022.34258
Nuñez, M. (2022) (b). El destino universal de la democracia y el realismo geopolı́tico V_1_0. doi:10.31219/osf.io/dfkx5
Nuñez, M. (c). La moneda, la soberania y la reinvención del mundo. doi:10.31219/osf.io/29ym8
Núñez, M. (2024). Los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible (ODS): Cuestiones geopolíticas y consideraciones jurídicas. En F. M. de Wilmars, & C. de Paredes Gallardo (Edits.). Tirant lo Blanc.
Ó Beacháin, D., & Polese, A. (Edits.). (2012). The Colour Revolutions In The Former Soviet Republics Successes And Failures. Routledge.
Onen, M., Shin, H. S., & von Peter, G. (2023). Overcoming original sin: insights from a new dataset. techreport, Bank for International Settlements.
Orléan, A. (2011). L'empire de la valeur. Seuil.
O'Rourke, L. A. (2018). Covert regime change. Cornell University Press.
Osgood, K. A. (2006). Total Cold War. Lawrence, Kans.: Univ. Press of Kansas.
Östberg, K. (2024). The rise and fall of Swedish social democracy.Verso.
Oughourlian, J.-M. (2010). Psychopolitique. François-Xavier de Guibert.
Ovidio. (2004). Metamorfosis. Ediciones Catedra S.A.
Patnaik, P. (2024). Beyond liberalism. Columbia University Press.
Pistor, K. (2019). Code of Capital. Princeton Univers. Press.
Plehwe, D., Slobodian, Q., & Mirowski, P. (Edits.). (2020). Nine Lives of Neoliberalism. VERSO.
Pollin, R. (2010). Austerity Is Not a Solution: Why the Deficit Hawks Are Wrong. Tech. rep., Political Economy Research Institute (PERI). University of Massachusetts-Amherst.
Pollin, R., & Bouazza, H. (2024). Considerations on inflation, economic growth, and the 2 per cent inflation target. Review of Keynesian Economics, 12, 453–474. doi:10.4337/roke.2024.0006
Prassl, J. (2018). Humans as a Service : The Promise and Perils of Work in the Gig Economy. Oxford University Press.
Radnitz, S. B. (2012). Weapons of the Wealthy. Cornell University Press.
Reich, J. (2017). Seigniorage On the Revenue from the Creation of Money. Springer.
Rekhviashvili, L., & Polese, A. (2017). Liberalism and shadow interventionism in post-revolutionary Georgia (2003–2012). Caucasus Survey, 5, 27–50. doi:10.1080/23761199.2017.1283471
Robinson, C. J. (2016). The terms of order. The University of North Carolina Press.
Rosenblat, A. (2018). Uberland How Algorithms Are Rewriting the Rules of Work. University of California Press.
Rubenstein, J. (2022). Terreur et séduction. Une histoire de la doctrine de la "guerre révolutionnaire". La Decouverte.
Sanso-Rubert, D. (2022). Democracia sin democracia: El escudo constitucional frente al poder del crimen organizado. Colex.
Sapozhnikova, G. (2018). The Lithuanian conspiracy and the Soviet collapse. Clarity Press, Inc.
Savage, M. (2021). The Return of Inequality: Social Change and the Weight of the Past. Harvard University Press.
Sellars, W. (2007). In the Space of Reasons. Harvard University Press.
Shaikh, A. (2016). Capitalism : competition, conflict, crises. Oxford University Press.
Sieroń, A. (2019). Money, inflation and business cycles. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Slobodian, Q. (2018). Globalists. Harvard University Press.
Slobodian, Q. (2023). Crack-Up Capitalism: market radicals and the dream of a world without democracy. Henry Holt and Co.
Stevenson, T. (2023). Someone Else's Empire. Verso Books.
Subacchi, P. (2016). People's Money How China Is Building a Global Currency. Columbia University Press.
Subacchi, P. (2020). Cost of Free Money. Yale University Press.
Sweet, A. S. (2002). Governing with judges. Oxford Univ. Press.
Sweet, A. S. (2017). The evolution of international arbitration. Oxford University Press.
Sweet, A. S. (2019). Proportionality balancing and constitutional governance. Oxford University Press.
Sylla, N. S. (2021). L’Afrique a-t-elle besoin d’un euro tropical ? CODESRIA Bulletin. doi:https://doi.org/10.57054/cb520211266
Tertrais, T. B. (2019). La Revanche de l'Histoire. Editions Odile Jacob.
The_White_House. (2021). United States strategy On Countering Corruption. Pursuant To The National Security Study Memorandum On Establishing The Fight Against Corruption As A Core United States National Security Interest. Tech. rep., The White House. Obtenido de https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/United-States-Strategy-on-Countering-Corruption.pdf
Therborn, G. (2017). The ”People’s home” is falling down, time to update your view of Sweden. Sociologisk Forskning, 54, 275–278. doi:10.37062/sf.54.18220
Thiel, P. A., & Masters, B. (2014). Zero to One. Crown Business.
Thiemann, M. (J2024). Taming the Cycles of Finance?: Central Banks and the Macro-prudential Shift in Financial Regulation. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009233125
Thompson, E. A., & Hickson, C. R. (2001). Ideology and the Evolution of Vital Institutions. Springer.
Ullmann-Margalit, E. (1997). The Invisible Hand and the Cunning of Reason. Social Research, 64,, 181-198.
Unger, R. M. (1987) (a). False Necessity: Anti-Necessitarian Social Theory in the Service of Radical Democracy from Politics. Cambridge University Press.
Unger, R. M. (1987) (b). Plasticity into power. Cambridge University Press.
Unger, R. M. (1987) (c) . Social theory. Cambridge University Press.
Walras, L. (1926). Éléments d’économie politique pure ou Théorie de la richesse sociale. R. Pichon et R. Durand Auzias.
Weber, M. (2014). Economía y sociedad. México, D.F: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Derechos de autor 2025 Revista de Estudios Globales. Análisis Histórico y Cambio Social
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
