Psychometric Properties of the Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) for Sport
Abstract
The main objective of this research was to culturally adapt and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Life Orientation Test version for the sports context (LOT-S). The sample consisted of 953 young Brazilian athletes of both sexes, with a mean age of 16 years. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis produced two correlated dimensions, reflecting optimism and pessimism, and provided support for a two-factor model. A satisfactory fit for LOT-S with six items was found (χ2=10.96, df=8; RMSEA=.020 (IC 90%=.021-.049); CFI=.995; TLI=990; NFI=.980; GFI=.996; SRMR=.032). Satisfactory tests of internal consistency were also generated through the analysis of factorial loads and t-values. Cronbach's alpha (.68/ .65) and Composite Reliability (.72/ .65) were adequate in Optimism and Pessimism, respectively. The values of average variance extracted were unsatisfactory, however, positive correlations with optimism and negative with pessimism between Motivation, Resilience and Well-Being were indicative of convergent validity. The correlations between the latent variables compared to the square roots of the average variance extracted values of each construct showed that the model has discriminant validity. The configural, metric and scalar invariance was achieved, indicating that the LOT-S can measure athletes of both sexes equally. Although more studies are needed to confirm the psychometric properties of the instrument, adapting the LOT to the sport context was the first step in the future works about the influence of Optimism on sports performance.
Keywords: optimism; pessimism; dimensionality; validation study.
Downloads
References
American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement in Education. (2014). Standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Appaneal, R. N. (2012). A Confirmatory factor analysis of the Life Orientation Test–Revised with competitive atthletes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 83(4), 592–596. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2012.10599885
Bagozzi, R., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(2), 74-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723327
Bastianello, M. R., Pacico, J. C., & Hutz, C. S. (2014). Optimism, self-esteem and personality: adaptation and validation of the Brazilian Version Of The Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R). Psico-USF, 19(3), 523–531. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-827120140190030
Beaton, D., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186–3191. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014
Brown, T. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2th ed.). Guilford Publications.
Carver, C., & Scheier, M. (2014). Optimism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(6), 2-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2014.02.003
Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating Goodness-of-Fit Indexes for Testing Measurement Invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
Chiesi, F., Galli, S., Primi, C., Innocenti P., & Bonacchi, A. (2013). The accuracy of the Life Orientation Test–Revised (LOT–R) in measuring dispositional optimism: evidence from Item Response Theory Analyses. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(2), 18-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2013.781029
Desrumaux, P., Lapointe, D., Ntsame, M., Boudrias, J. S., Savoie, A., & Brunet, L. (2015). The impact of job demands, climate, and optimism on well-being and distress at work: What are the mediating effects of basic psychological need satisfaction? Revue Europeenne de Psychologie Appliquee, 65(4), 179-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2015.06.003
Diener, E., Emmons, R., Larsen, R., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
Epskamp, S. (2017). Package semPlot path diagrams and visual analysis of various SEM Packages’ Output. doi:0.1561/2200000016>
García, C. R., Vallarino, V. T., & Montero, F. J. O. (2014). Resiliencia, optimismo y burnout en judokas de competición Uruguayos. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicologia Del Ejercicio y El Deporte, 9(2), 271–286.
Gouveia, V. V., Milfont, T. L., da Fonseca, P. N., & Coelho, J. M. (2009). Life Satisfaction in Brazil: Testing the Psychometric Properties of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) in Five Brazilian Samples. Social Indicators Research, 90(2), 267–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9257-0
Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., & Krey, N. (2017). Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modeling in the Journal of Advertising: Review and Recommendations. Journal of Advertising, 46(1), 163–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2017.1281777
Hinz, A., Sander, C., Glaesmer, H., Brähler, E., Zenger, M., Hilbert, A., & Kocalevent, R. (2017). Optimism and pessimism in the general population: Psychometric properties of the Life Orientation Test (LOT-R). International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 17(2), 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.02.003
Hirschfeld, G., & von Brachel, R. (2014). Multiple-Group confirmatory factor analyses in R -A tutorial in measurement invariance with continuous and ordinal data. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 19(7), 1–12.
Homaei, R., Bozorgi, Z. D., Ghahfarokhi, M. S. M., & Hosseinpour, S. (2016). Relationship between Optimism, Religiosity and Self-Esteem with Marital Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction. International Education Studies, 9(6), 53−61. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v9n6p53
Jovanović, V., & Jerković, V. (2013). Dimensionality and validity of the Serbian version of the Life Orientation Test-Revised in a Sample of Youths. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(3), 771–782. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9354-2
Juarros, A., Valle, S., González, M., Rosado, B., & Rosa, A. F. M. (2018). Relationship of internal training load, optimism and resilience with recovery-stress levels in swimmers. Cuadernos de Psicologia Del Deporte, 18(1), 43-54.
Korkmaz S., Goksuluk D., & Zararsiz G. (2014). MVN: An R package for assessing multivariate normality. The R Journal, 6(2), 151-162. https://doi.org/10.32614/RJ-2014-031
Nascimento Junior, J. R. A., Vissoci, J. R. N., Balbim, G. M., Moreira, C. R., Pelletier, L., & Vieira, L. F. (2014). Adaptação transcultural e análise das propriedades psicométricas da sport motivation scale-II no contexto Brasileiro. Revista Da Educação Física, 25(3), 441–458. https://doi.org/10.4025/reveducfis.v25i3.24855
Naveira, A., & Morales, J. (2010). Relación entre optimism/ pesimismo disposicional, rendimiento y edad en jugadores de fútbol de competición. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicologia Del Ejercicio y El Deporte, 34(1), 153-161.
Neves, N., Barbosa, P., Silva, S., Brandão, M. R. F., & Zanetti, M. C. (2018). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Brief Resilience Scale for Brazilian athletes. Cuadernos de Psicología Del Deporte, 18(1), 103-110.
Öcal, E., Aygar, H., Atay, E., Ozturk, G., Onsuz, M., & Metintas, S. (2017). The relation of health related quality of life and optimism subdimension of life orientation test. European Journal of Public Health, 27(3), 2017–2018. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx186.243
Ortín, F. J., Rodríguez, A., García, C., de los Fayos, E. J. G., & González, J. (2018). Relación entre optimismo y rendimiento deportivo. Revision sistemática. Anales de Psicologia, 5(1), 45-60.
Pelletier, L. G., Rocchi, M. A., Vallerand, R. J., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). Validation of the revised sport motivation scale (SMS-II). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(3), 329–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.12.002
R Core team. (2018). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria. Retrieved from https://www.r-project.org/
Ramírez, M., Holgado-Tello, F., Barbero García, M. I., & Mendez, G. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis: recommendations for unweighted least squares method related to Chi-Square and RMSEA Type I error. Accion Psicologica, 12(1), 79-90. https://doi.org/10.5944/ap.12.1.14362
Reche, C., Tutte, V. y Ortín, F. J. (2014). Resiliencia, optimismo y burnout en judokas de competición uruguayos. Revista Iberoamericana dePpsicología del Ejercicio y el Deporte, 9(2), 271-286.
Revelle, W. (2018). Psych: procedures for personality and psychological research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=psych Version = 1.8.4.
Ribeiro, J., Pedro, L., & Marques, S. (2012). Dispositional optimism is unidimensional or bidimensional? The Portuguese Revised Life Orientation Test. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15(3), 1259–1271. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n3.39412
Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan : An R Package for Structural Equation. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
Saris, W., & Satorra, A. (2018). The pooled data approach for the estimation of Split-Ballot multitrait. Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal, 25(5), 659-672. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2018.1431543
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219–247. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.219
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1063–1078. https://doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063
Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194- 200. 44.
Vallarino, T., & García, R. (2019). Burnout, resilience and optimism female hockey. Cuadernos de Psicologia Del Deporte, 16(3), 73–78.
Wickham. H. (2017). Tidyverse: easily install and load the 'tidyverse'. R package version 1.2.1. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=tidyversre.
Las obras que se publican en esta revista están sujetas a los siguientes términos:
1. El Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia (la editorial) conserva los derechos patrimoniales (copyright) de las obras publicadas, y favorece y permite la reutilización de las mismas bajo la licencia de uso indicada en el punto 2.
2. Las obras se publican en la edición electrónica de la revista bajo una licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 3.0 España (texto legal). Se pueden copiar, usar, difundir, transmitir y exponer públicamente, siempre que: i) se cite la autoría y la fuente original de su publicación (revista, editorial y URL de la obra); ii) no se usen para fines comerciales; iii) se mencione la existencia y especificaciones de esta licencia de uso.
3. Condiciones de auto-archivo. Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir electrónicamente las versiones pre-print (versión antes de ser evaluada) y/o post-print (versión evaluada y aceptada para su publicación) de sus obras antes de su publicación, ya que favorece su circulación y difusión más temprana y con ello un posible aumento en su citación y alcance entre la comunidad académica. Color RoMEO: verde.
