Asociación de la actividad física con la calidad de vida y el burnout en profesores: Una revisión sistemática
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Resumen
Introducción: Los profesores presentan un alto riesgo de agotamiento emocional y burnout debido a la acumulación de exigencias pedagógicas, administrativas y relacionales, que comprometen su salud y la calidad de la enseñanza. La actividad física (AF) regular puede desempeñar un papel beneficioso en la reducción de los síntomas de burnout y en la mejora de la calidad de vida (CdV). Por ello, esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo sintetizar la evidencia existente sobre las asociaciones entre la práctica de AF y la CdV y el burnout en profesores de educación secundaria. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de acuerdo con las directrices PRISMA. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda de artículos revisados por pares publicados hasta abril de 2025 en inglés, portugués y español en seis bases de datos (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, ERIC, SCOPUS y Web of Science), complementada con una búsqueda manual en revistas especializadas. Siguiendo el modelo PICOS, se incluyeron estudios que analizaran la asociación entre la AF (I) y la CdV o el burnout (O) en profesores de educación secundaria (P), mediante diseños de estudio experimentales u observacionales (S). La calidad metodológica de los estudios se evaluó mediante una versión adaptada de la herramienta EPHPP para estudios cuantitativos. Los resultados se sintetizaron de forma narrativa y mediante la cuantificación de las asociaciones por resultado según su presencia y dirección. Resultados: Se incluyeron 24 estudios (19 transversales y 5 de intervención), con un total de 7.568 participantes. La AF parece estar asociada con menores niveles de burnout, especialmente con menor agotamiento emocional (9 de 12 estudios) y mayor realización personal (7 de 11 estudios), así como con una mejor CdV física (6 de 8 estudios). Los resultados fueron inconsistentes para la dimensión de despersonalización del burnout y para el componente mental de la CdV. Las demás dimensiones de la CdV siguen siendo poco estudiadas. Algunos estudios también sugieren diferencias en los patrones de asociación según los dominios de la actividad física, el tipo de modalidad o el sexo, aunque se requiere más investigación. Conclusiones: Esta revisión sugiere la existencia de una asociación positiva entre la práctica de AF y la CdV, la realización personal y menores niveles de agotamiento emocional en profesores. Sin embargo, la mayor parte de la evidencia proviene de estudios transversales, que no permiten inferir causalidad, con muestras pequeñas y alta variabilidad en las características de la AF. Se necesitan estudios longitudinales y de intervención robustos para confirmar estas asociaciones y aclarar el papel de la AF en la prevención del burnout docente y la mejora de la CdV.
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