Implicación de la memoria visoespacial y fonológica en la heterogeneidad clínica del Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH)

Autores/as

  • Ana Gallego Martínez Universidad de Murcia
  • Javier Fenollar Cortés Universidad de Murcia
  • Julia García Sevilla Universidad de Murcia
DOI: https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.34.1.289671
Palabras clave: TDAH, Rendimiento Neuropsicológico, Memoria a Corto Plazo, Memoria de Trabajo Visoespacial, Memoria de Trabajo Fonológica.

Agencias de apoyo

  • Universidad de Murcia

Resumen

Introducción: En los últimos años se ha incrementado el interés en el estudio de los déficits neuropsicológicos que subyacen al Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH). Entre ellos destaca la implicación de la Memoria de Trabajo (MT) en sus dimensiones visoespacial y fonológica. El objetivo del presente estudio fue explorar la relación entre la heterogeneidad clínica del TDAH y el rendimiento de la memoria (a corto plazo y MT) en sus dimensiones fonológica y visoespacial, así como el papel predictor de la MT en la estructura bidimensional del TDAH. 

Método: Un total de 116 niños de ambos géneros de entre 8 y 14 años, 76 con diagnóstico de TDAH (26 TDAH presentación predominantemente inatenta y 50 TDAH presentación combinada) y 40 niños control fueron evaluados respecto a su rendimiento en memoria a corto plazo y MT a través de diferentes tareas neuropsicológicas.

Resultados: El grupo TDAH obtuvo un peor rendimiento en las tareas de Memoria de Trabajo visoespacial (Tarea Simon) y fonológica (“Letras y Números” de WISC). Este peor rendimiento se mantuvo también para los subtipos clínicos. El rendimiento en la tarea “Letras y Números” predijo en mayor medida tanto el “déficit de atención” reportado por la familia (β = -.37, p < .001) como por el centro escolar (β = -.37, p = .001), pero sobre todo predijo las dificultades concomitantes del TDAH (β = -.47, p < .001).

Discusión: En línea con estudios previos, el rendimiento del grupo TDAH y sus subgrupos clínicos fue significativamente peor tanto en la Memoria de Trabajo visoespacial como fonológica. Además, la Memoria de Trabajo fonológica predijo de manera significativa la gravedad del déficit de atención, así como la afectación en áreas relacionadas con el TDAH.

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Biografía del autor/a

Javier Fenollar Cortés, Universidad de Murcia

Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación

Julia García Sevilla, Universidad de Murcia

Departamento de Psicología Básica y Metodología

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Publicado
15-12-2017
Cómo citar
Gallego Martínez, A., Fenollar Cortés, J., & García Sevilla, J. (2017). Implicación de la memoria visoespacial y fonológica en la heterogeneidad clínica del Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH). Anales de Psicología / Annals of Psychology, 34(1), 16–22. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.34.1.289671
Número
Sección
Psicología clínica y de la salud

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