What do adolescents say about bullying?

Authors

  • Silvia Pilar Postigo Zegarra European University of Valencia. C/ General Elio, nº 2, 8 y 10. 46010 Valencia. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4595-8063
  • Konstanze Schoeps University of Valencia
  • Ana Ordonez University of Valencia
  • Inmaculada Montoya-castilla University of Valencia
DOI: https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.35.2.301201
Keywords: definition, peer violence, bullying, qualitative study, adolescence

Abstract

All antisocial acts, including violence and bullying behavior, are such thing within the community where they occur; they are a reflection of that community. This study aims to analyze the spontaneous discourse about bullying at school of 406 adolescents aged between 15 and 21 years. Qualitative analysis of the data permitted to derive four discursive principles: denial of the existence of violence (“it doesn’t happen”), denial of one’s own responsibility (“if it happens, it isn’t me, everybody does it”), denial of seriousness (“if it is a joke, it doesn’t hurt”), and attribution to the victim (bullying behavior happens to the victim for a reason). The analysis of adolescent’s spontaneous discourse contributes to the definition of interpretive context regarding peer violence. This knowledge should be included in the scientific model in order to help developing effective intervention programs.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Alonso-Tapia, J., & Rodríguez-Rey, R. (2012). Situaciones de interacción y metas sociales en la adolescencia: Desarrollo y validación inicial del cuestionario de metas sociales (CMS). Estudios de Psicología, 33(2), 191-206. doi: 10.1174/021093912800676484

Aluede, O., Adeleke, F., Omoike, D., & Afen-Akpaida, J. (2008). A review of the extent, nature, characteristics and effects of bullying behaviour in schools. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 35(2), 151–158.

Anderson, C. (2012). The Personal Sense of Power. Journal of Personality, 80(2), 313–344.

Burns, S., Maycock, B., Cross, D., & Brown, G. (2008). The power of peers: Why some students bully others to conform. Qualitative Health Research, 18(12), 1704-1716. doi: 10.1177/1049732308325865

Carrera, M. V., de Palma, R., & Lameiras, M. (2011). Toward a more comprehensive understanding of bullying in School settings. Educational Psychology Review, 23, 479-499. doi: 10.1007/s10648-011-9171-x

Cerezo, F. (2001). La violencia en las aulas: Análisis y propuestas de intervención. Madrid: Pirámide.

Charmaz, K. (2005). Grounded theory in the 21st century. En N. K. Denzin y Y. S. Lincoln. (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research (3ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Cheng, Y. Y., Chen, L. M., Ho, H. C., & Cheng, C. L. (2011). Definitions of school bullying in Taiwan: A comparison of multiple perspectives. School Psychology International, 32, 227-243. doi: 10.1177/0143034311404130

Cohen, J. (1960). A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 37–46.

Compton, L., Campbell, M. A., & Mergler, A. (2014). Teacher, parent and student perceptions of the motives of cyberbullies. Social Psychology of Education, 17(3), 383–400. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-014-9254-x

Crowther, S., Goodson, C., McGuire, J., & Dickson, J. M. (2013). Having to fight. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(1), 62-79. doi:10.1177/0886260512448846

Cuadrado-Gordillo, I. (2012). Repetition, power imbalance, and intentionality: Do these criteria conform to teenagers' perception of bullying? A role-based analysis. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27, 1889-1910. doi: 10.1177/0886260511431436

Curry, L. A., Nembhard, I. M., & Bradley, E. H. (2009). Qualitative and mixed methods provide unique contributions to outcomes research. Circulation, 119(10), 1442–1452. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.742775

Davies, B. (2011). Bullies as guardians of the moral order or an ethic of truths? Children & Society, 25, 278-286. doi: 10.1111/j.1099-0860.2011.00380.x

del Barrio, C.; Martín, E., Almeida, A., & Barrios, A. (2003). Del maltrato y otros conceptos relacionados con la agresión entre escolares, y su estudio psicológico. Infancia y Aprendizaje, 26(1), 9-24.

Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2008). Collecting and interpreting qualitative materials. (3a, Ed.). London,: Sage Publications Ltd.

Femia-Marzo, P.; Martín-Andrés, A., & Álvarez-Hernández, M. (2012). El Modelo Delta para evaluar el grado de acuerdo entre dos observadores. Modelización de Fenómenos del Medio Ambiente, Salud y Desarrollo Humano, 1(1) 124-145.

Frisén, A., Holmqvist, K., & Oscarsson, D. (2008). 13-year-olds’ perception of bullying: Definitions, reasons for victimization and experience of adults’ response. Educational Studies, 34(2), 105-117. doi: 10.1080/03055690701811149

Forsberg, C., Wood, L., Smith, J., Varjas, K., Meyers, J., Jungert, T., & Thornberg, R. (2016). Students’ views of factors affecting their bystander behaviors in response to school bullying: a cross-collaborative conceptual qualitative analysis. Research Papers in Education, 1–16. http://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2016.1271001

Garaigordobil, M., & Martínez-Valderrey, V. (2016). Impact of cyberprogram 2.0 on different types of school violence and aggressiveness. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(428). http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00428

Garaigordobil, M., Martínez-Valderrey, V., & Machimbarrena, J. M. (2017). Intervención en el bullying y cyberbullying: Evaluación del caso Martín. Revista de Psicología Clínica Con Niños Y Adolescentes, 4(1), 25–32.

Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. New York: Aldine Publishing Company.

Guerra, N. G., Williams, K. R., & Sadek, S. (2011). Understanding bullying and victimization during childhood and adolescence: A mixed methods study. Child Development, 82(1), 295–310. doi: 10.1111%2Fj.1467-8624.2010.01556.x

Hein, N. (2016). New perspectives on the positioning of parents in children’s bullying at school. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 1–14. http://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2016.1251305

Hopkins, L., Taylor, L., Bowen, E., & Wood, C. (2013). A qualitative study investigating adolescents’ understanding of aggression, bullying and violence. Children and Youth Services Review, 35(4), 685–693. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.01.012

Horton, P. (2011). School bullying and social and moral orders. Children & Society, 25, 268-277. doi: 10.1111/j.1099-0860.2011.00377.x

Hymel, S., McClure, R., Miller, M., Shumka, E., & Trach, J. (2015). Addressing school bullying: Insights from theories of group processes. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 37(1), 16–24. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2014.11.008

Hymel, S., & Swearer, S. M. (2015). Four decades of research on school bullying: An introduction. American Psychologist, 70(4), 293–299. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0038928

Jara, N., Casas, J. A., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2017). Proactive and reactive aggressive behavior in bullying: The role of values. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 6(1), 1–24. http://doi.org/10.17583/IJEP.2017.2515

Lam, D. B., & Liu, A. W. H. (2007). The path through bullying –A process model from the inside story of bullies in Hong Kong secondary schools. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 24(1), 53-75. doi: 10.1007/s10560-006-0058-5

Martín-Andrés, A., & Femia-Marzo, P. (2004). Delta: A new measure of agreement between two raters. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 57(1), 1–19. http://doi.org/10.1348/000711004849268

Martín-Andrés, A. & Femia-Marzo, P. (2005). Chance-corrected measures of reliability and validity in K x K tables. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 14(5), 473–492. http://doi.org/10.1191/0962280205sm412oa

Martín, M., Martínez, J., & García-sánchez, R. (2017). Young people belonging to violent groups in the Region of Madrid . Psychosocial process model on the onset and evolution of violent identity behaviour. Anales de Psicología, 33(1), 120–132.

Mendoza-González, B., & Pedroza-Cabrera, F. J. (2015). Evaluación de un Programa de Intervención para Disminuir el Acoso Escolar y la Conducta Disruptiva. Acta de Investigación Psicológica, 5(2), 1947–1959. http://doi.org/10.1016/S2007-4719(15)30015-6

Mitsopoulou, E., & Giovazolias, T. (2015). Personality traits, empathy and bullying behavior: A meta-analytic approach. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 21, 61–72. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.01.007

Naylor, P., Cowie, H., Cossins, F., Bettencourt, R., & Lemme, F. (2006). Teachers’ and pupils’ definitions of bullying. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 553-576. doi: 10.1348/000709905X52229

Olweus, D. (1978). Aggression in the schools: Bullies and whipping boys. London, UK: Hemisphere.

Olweus, D. (1999). Sweden. In P. K. Smith, Y. Morita, J. Junger-Tas, D. Olweus, R. Catalano, & P. Slee (Eds.), The nature of school bullying: A cross-national perspective (pp. 7–27). New York: Routledge.

Olweus, D. (2001). Peer harassment: A critical analysis and some impor- tant questions. In J. Juvonen & S. Graham (Eds.), Peer harassment in school (pp. 3–20). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Ortega, R. (2010). Agresividad Injustificada, Bullying y Violencia Escolar. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.

Patton, D. U., Eschmann, R. D., & Butler, D. A. (2013). Internet banging: New trends in social media, gang violence, masculinity and hip hop. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, A54–A59. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.035

Patton, D. U., Hong, J. S., Patel, S., & Kral, M. J. (2017). A Systematic Review of Research Strategies Used in Qualitative Studies on School Bullying and Victimization. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 18(1), 3–16. http://doi.org/10.1177/1524838015588502

Postigo, S., González, R., Montoya, I., & Ordóñez, A. (2013). Propuestas teóricas en la investigación del acoso escolar: Una revisión. Anales de Psicología, 29(2), 413-425. doi: 10.6018/analesps.29.2.148251

Rennie, D. L., Watson, K. D., & Monteiro, A. M. (2002). The rise of qualitative research in psychology. Canadian Psychology, 43(3), 179-189. doi: 10.1037%2Fh0086914

Rodkin, P. C., Espelage, D. L., & Hanish, L. D. (2015). A relational framework for understanding bullying: Developmental antecedents and outcomes. American Psychologist, 70(4), 311–321. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0038658

Ryan, A., & Morgan, M. (2011). Bullying in secondary schools: An analysis of discursive positioning. New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies, 46(1), 23-34.

Ryan, W., & Smith, J. D. (2009). Antibullying Programs in Schools : How Effective are Evaluation Practices ? Prevention Science, 10(3), 248–259. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-009-0128-y

Salmivalli, C. (2010). Bullying and the peer group: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15, 112-120. doi: 10.1016%2Fj.avb.2009.08.007

Sánchez, V., Ortega, R., & Menesini, E. (2012). La competencia emocional de agresores y víctimas de bullying. Anales de Psicología, 28(1), 71-82.

Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.

Smith, P. K. (2013). School bullying. Sociologia, Problemas e Praticas, 71, 81–98. http://doi.org/10.7458/SPP2012702332

Smorti, A., Menesini, E., & Smith, P. (2003). Parents’ definitions of children’s bullying in a five-country comparison. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34, 417-432. doi: 10.1177%2F0022022103034004003

Strauss, A., and Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Tajfel, H. (1984). Grupos Humanos y Categorías Sociales [Human Groups and Social Categories]. Barcelona: Herder.

Ttofi, M. M., Bowes, L., Farrington, D. P., & Lösel, F. (2014). Protective Factors Interrupting the Continuity From School Bullying to Later Internalizing and Externalizing Problems: A Systematic Review of Prospective Longitudinal Studies. Journal of School Violence, 13(1), 5–38. http://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2013.857345

Twining, P., Heller, R. S., Nussbaum, M., & Tsai, C.-C. (2017). Some guidance on conducting and reporting qualitative studies. Computers & Education, 106, A1–A9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.12.002

Vaillancourt, T., McDougall, P., Hymel, S., Krygsman, A.,

Miller, J., Stiver, K., & Davis, C. (2008). Bullying: Are researchers and children/youth talking about the same thing? International Journal of Behavioral Development, 32, 486-495. doi: 10.1177/0165025408095553

Veenstra, R., Lindenberg, S., Huitsing, G., Sainio, M., & Salmivalli, C. (2014). The role of teachers in bullying: The relation between antibullying attitudes, efficacy, and efforts to reduce bullying. Journal of Educational Psychology, 106(4), 1135–1143. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0036110

Volk, A. A., Farrell, A. H., Franklin, P., Mularczyk, K. P., & Provenzano, D. A. (2016). Adolescent Bullying in Schools: An Evolutionary Perspective. In D. C. Geary & D. B. Berch (Eds.), Evolutionary Perspectives on Child Development and Education, Evolutionary Psychology (pp. 167–191). Cham: Springer. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29986-0

Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Wang, C., Ryoo, J. H., Swearer, S. M., Turner, R., &

Goldberg, T. S. (2017). Longitudinal Relationships between Bullying and Moral Disengagement among Adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46, 1304–1317. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0577-0

Willis, G. B., & Rodríguez-Bailón, R. (2010). El estudio experimental del poder social: Consecuencias cognitivas, afectivas y comportamentales. Estudios de Psicología, 31(3), 279-295. doi: 10.1174/021093910793154402

Zych, I., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Del Rey, R. (2015). Scientific research on bullying and cyberbullying: Where have we been and where are we going. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 24, 188–198. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.015

Published
13-04-2019
How to Cite
Postigo Zegarra, S. P., Schoeps, K., Ordonez, A., & Montoya-castilla, I. (2019). What do adolescents say about bullying?. Anales de Psicología / Annals of Psychology, 35(2), 251–258. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.35.2.301201
Issue
Section
Developmental and Educational Psychology