HOW TO BE A DARK TOURIST: ANALYSIS OF THE TOURIST BEHAVIOR THROUGH A DOCUMENTARY SERIES
Abstract
Over the past few decades, dark tourism has become increasingly popular. The level of participation of the dark tourist within a dark site underlies the variety of experiences that can be produced, depending on the type of audience engagement. This study attempts to design the discourse of a performance-based typology of dark tourism, built on the representations of tourists’ participation within the Netflix documentary series Dark Tourist. As screen tourism can influence behavior patterns, a typology of spectator, spect-actor, and actor roles is presented.
Downloads
References
ARIÈS, P. (1974): Western Attitudes toward Death from the Middle Ages to the Present. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.
AUH, S., BELL, S.J., MCLEOD, C.S. and SHIH, E. (2007): “Co‐production and customer loyalty in financial services”, Journal of Retailing, vol. 83 (3), pp. 359-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2007.03.001
BEECH, J. (2009): “Genocide tourism”, in R. Sharpley and P. R. Stone (Eds.) The darker side of travel. The theory and practice of dark tourism. Channel View Publications, pp. 207-223.
BIRAN, A., PORIA, Y. and OREN, G. (2011): “Sought experiences at (dark) heritage sites”, Annals of tourism Research, vol. 38 (3), pp. 820-841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.12.001
BOAL, A. (1979): The theatre of the oppressed. Urizen Books.
BOLAN P., BOY S. and BEIL J. (2011): “We’ve seen it in the movies, let’s see if it’s true”: Authenticity and displacement in film-induced tourism”, Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, vol. 3 (2), pp. 102-116.
BOWMAN M.S. and PEZZULLO, P.C. (2010): What's so ‘dark’ about dark tourism? Death, tours and performance”, Tourist Studies, vol. 9 (3), pp. 187-202. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468797610382699
BRAUN, V., CLARKE, V. and WEATE, P. (2016): “Using thematic analysis in sport and exercise research”, in B. Smith and A. C. Sparkes (Eds.), Routledge handbook of qualitative research in sport and exercise. London, Routledge, pp. 191-205.
BUCHMANN, A., MOORE, K. and FISHER, D. (2010): “Experiencing film tourism authenticity and fellowship”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 37 (1), pp. 229-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.09.005
BUDA, D.M. and SHIM, D. (2015): “Desiring the dark: ‘a taste for the unusual’ in North Korean tourism?”, Current Issues in Tourism, vol. 18 (1), pp. 1-6.
CBS (2004): Nostalgic jaunt to ‘Rocky’ steps. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nostalgic-jaunt-to-rocky-steps/
COHEN, E.H. (2011): “Educational Dark Tourism at an in populo site: The Holocaust Museum in Jerusalem”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 38 (1), pp. 193-209. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2014.948813
CONNELL, J. and MEYER, D. (2009): “Balamory revisited: An evaluation of the screen tourism destination. Tourist nexus”, Tourism Management, vol. 30, pp. 194-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.06.001
CRANWELL, J., BRITTON, J. and BAINS, M. (2017): “F*ck It! Let’s Get to Drinking—Poison our Livers!”: a Thematic Analysis of Alcohol Content in Contemporary YouTube Music Videos”, International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, vol. 24, pp. 66-76.
CROY, W. G. (2010): “Planning for film tourism: Active destination image management. Tourism and hospitality planning and development”, vol. 7 (1), pp. 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790530903522598
DALTON, D. (2014). Dark tourism and crime. Routledge.
DANN, G. and SEATON, A.V. (2001): Slavery, Contested Heritage, and Thanatourism. Psychology Press.
DE SOUZA BISPO M. (2016): “Tourism as practice”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 61, pp. 170-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.10.009
DOMÍNGUEZ-AZCUE, J., ALMEIDA-GARCÍA, F., PÉREZ-TAPIA, G., and CESTINO-GONZÁLEZ, E. (2021): “Films and Destinations—Towards a Film Destination: A Review”, Information, vol. 12 (1), 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/info12010039
DOYLE, B. (2003): “The holy grail of film tourism–or–how to increase visitor numbers without really trying”, in Niche tourism in question, pp. 101-104.
DU Y., LI J., PAN B. and ZHANG Y. (2020): “Lost in Thailand: a case study on the impact of a film on tourist behavior”, Journal of Vacation Marketing, vol. 26 (3), pp. 365-377. 10.1177/1356766719886902
DUNKLEY R.A., MORGAN N. and WESTWOOD S. (2007): “A shot in the dark? Developing a new conceptual framework for thanatourism”, Asian Journal of Tourism and Hospitality, vol. 1(1), pp. 54-63.
ECHEVERRI, P. (2005): “Video-based methodology: Capturing real-time perceptions of customer processes. International”, Journal of Service Industry Management, vol.16 (2), pp. 199-209. https://doi.org/10.1108/09564230510592315
EDENSOR, T. (2000): “Staging Tourism: Tourists as Performers”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 27, pp. 322-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00082-1
EDENSOR, T. (2001): “Performing tourism, staging tourism: (Re)producing tourist space and practice”, Tourist Studies, vol. 1 (1), pp. 59-81. 10.1177/146879760100100104
ELIAS, N. (2001): The Loneliness of the Dying. London, Continuum.
FARKIC, J. (2020): “Consuming dystopic places: What answers are we looking for?”, Tourism Management Perspectives, vol. 33, 100633. 10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100633
FARMAKI, A. (2013): “Dark tourism revisited: A supply/demand conceptualisation”, International Journal of Culture, tourism and hospitality Research, vol. 7 (3). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-05-2012-0030
FOLEY, M. and LENNON, J.J. (1996): “JFK and dark tourism: A fascination with assassination”, International Journal of Heritage Studies, vol. 2 (4), pp. 198-211. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527259608722175
FU, H., YE, B.H. and XIANG, J. (2016): “Reality TV, audience travel intentions, and destination image”, Tourism Management, vol. 55, pp. 37-48. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2020-0319
GILES, D. C. (2002): “Parasocial interaction: A review of the literature and a model for future research”, Media Psychology, vol. 4 (3), pp. 279-305. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532785XMEP0403_04
GILLEN, J. (2018): “It begins with the bombs: operationalizing violence at a Vietnamese dark tourism site”, Cultural Geographies, vol. 25 (4), pp. 519-536. 10.1177/1474474018762810
GKRITZALI A., LAMPEL J. and WIERTZ C. (2016): “Blame it on Hollywood: The influence of films on Paris as product location”, Journal of Business Research, vol. 69, pp. 2.363-2.370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.10.005
GRIFFIN, T. (2019): “A discussion of video as a data collection tool”, Current Issues in Tourism, vol. 22 (18), pp. 2.183-2.196. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1501009
HARPER, M. (2019): “Meaning Associated with Experiences of Cyberbullying: Cyber Victimization within the Netflix Series 13 Reasons Why”, International Journal of Cyber Criminology, vol. 13 (2), pp. 358-378. 10.5281/zenodo.3706741
HOLLANDS, R. G. (2010): “Engaging and alternative cultural tourism? The case of the Prague Fringe Festival”, Journal of Cultural Economy, vol. 3 (3), pp. 379-394. https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2010.506324
HOLT, D.B. (1995): “How consumers consume: A typology of consumption practices”, Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 22 (1), pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1086/209431
HUDSON, S. and RITCHIE, B. (2006): “Promoting destinations via film tourism: An empirical identification of supporting marketing initiatives”, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 44 (4), pp. 387-396. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287506286720
ISAAC, R.K. and ÇAKMAK, E. (2016): “Understanding the motivations and emotions of visitors at Tuol Sleng genocide prison museum (S-21) in Phnom Penh, Cambodia”, International Journal of Tourism Cities, vol. 2 (3), pp. 232-247. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-06-2016-0014
IWASHITA C. (2008): “Roles of films and television dramas in international tourism: The case of Japanese tourists to the UK”, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, vol. 24 (2-3), pp. 139-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548400802092635
JACOBSEN, M.H. (2016): “Spectacular Death”—Proposing a New Fifth Phase to Philippe Ariès’s Admirable History of Death”, Humanities, vol. 5 (2), pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/h5020019
JOLY, D. (2011): The dark tourist: Sightseeing in the world's most unlikely holiday destinations. Windsor.
JORDAN, E.J. and PRAYAG, G. (2022): “Residents’ cognitive appraisals, emotions, and coping strategies at local dark tourism sites”, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 61 (4), pp. 887-902.
KIDRON, C.A. (2013): “Being there together: Dark family tourism and the emotive experience of co-presence in the holocaust past”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 41, pp. 175-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.12.009
KIM, S. (2012): “The relationships of on-site film-tourism experiences, satisfaction and behavioral intentions: The case of Asian audience’s responses to a Korean historical TV drama”, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, vol. 29 (5), pp 472-484. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2012.691399
KIM, S. and KIM S. (2017): “Perceived values of TV drama, audience involvement, and behavioral intention in film tourism”, Journal of travel and Tourism Marketing, vol. 35 (3), pp. 259-272. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2016.1245172
KIM, S. and ASSAKER, G. (2014): “An Empirical Examination of the Antecedents of Film Tourism Experience: A Structural Model Approach”, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, vol. 31 (2), pp. 251-268
KIM, S. and BUTLER, G. (2015): “Local community perspectives towards dark tourism development: The case of Snowtown, South Australia”, Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, vol. 13 (1), pp. 78-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2014.873316
KORSTANJE, M.E. and BINTANG, H. (2020): “Virtual Dark Tourism: The Role of Sound Branding and Augmented Reality for Death Sites”, in Pavlidis, G. (Ed.) Applying Innovative Technologies in Heritage Science. IGI Global, pp. 231-249.
LEE, S. and BAI, B. (2016): “Influence of popular culture on special interest tourists’ destination image”, Tourism Management, vol. 52, pp.161-169.
LEMELIN, H., DAWSON, J., STEWART, E. J., MAHER, P. and LUECK, M. (2010): “Last-chance tourism: The boom, doom, and gloom of visiting vanishing destinations”, Current Issues in Tourism, vol. 13 (5), pp. 477-493. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500903406367
LENNON, J.and FOLEY, M. (2000): Dark tourism: The attraction of death and disaster (2nd ed.). Continuum.
LIGHT, D. (2017): “Progress in dark tourism and thanatourism research: An uneasy relationship with heritage tourism”, Tourism Management, vol. 61, pp. 275-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.01.011
LIGHT, D. (2000): “An unwanted past: Contemporary tourism and the heritage of communism in Romania”, International Journal of Heritage Studies, vol. 6 (2), pp. 145-160. 10.1080/135272500404197
MACCANNELL, D. (1998): “Making minor places: Dilemmas in modern tourism”, in J. M. Fladmark (Ed.), In search of heritage as pilgrim or tourist?. Donhead, pp. 351-362.
MANSFELD, Y. and KORMAN, T. (2015): “Between war and peace: Conflict heritage tourism along three Israeli border areas”, Tourism Geographies, vol. 17 (3), pp. 437-460. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2015.1036916
MARCEL, J. (2004): “Death makes a holiday”, The American Reporter, January 21, Vol. 10 (2273)
MARTINI, A. and BUDA, D.M. (2018): “Dark tourism and affect: framing places of death and disaster”, Current Issues in Tourism, vol. 23 (6), pp. 679-692. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1518972
MILES, D.S. (2014): “Battlefield sites as dark tourism attractions: An analysis of experience”, Journal of Heritage Tourism, vol. 9 (2), pp. 134-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2013.871017
MILES, W. (2002): “Auschwitz: Museum interpretation and darker tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 29 (4), pp. 1.175-1.178. 10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00054-3
MURA, P. and SHARIF, S.P. (2017): “Narrative analysis in tourism: a critical review”, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, vol. 17 (2), pp. 194-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2016.1227276
NORTON A. (1996): “Experiencing nature: The reproduction of environmental discourse through safari tourism in East Africa”, Geoforum, vol. 17 (3), pp. 355-373. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7185(96)00021-8
PHARINO, C., PEARCE, P. and PRYCE, J. (2018): “Paranormal tourism: Assessing tourists' onsite experiences”, Tourism Management Perspectives, vol. 20, pp. 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.06.003
PINK, S. (2013): Doing visual ethnography (3rd Ed). London: Sage.
PODOSHEN, J.F., VENKATESH, V., WALLIN, J., ANDRZEJEWSKI, S. A. and JIN, Z. (2015): “Dystopian dark tourism: An exploratory examination”, Tourism Management, vol. 51, pp. 315-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.05.002
PODOSHEN, J., YAN, G., ANDRZEJEWSKI, A., WALLIN, J. and VENKATESH, V. (2018): “Dark tourism, abjection and blood: A festival context”, Tourism Management, vol. 64, pp. 346-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.09.003
RAINE, R. (2013): “A dark tourist spectrum”, International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, vol. 7 (3), pp. 242-256.
RANJAN, K.R. and READ, S. (2016): “Value co‐creation: Concept and measurement”, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol. 44 (3), pp. 290-315.
REIJNDERS S., BOLDERMSN L., VAN ES, N. and WAYSDORF A. (2015): “Locating imagination: An interdisciplinary perspective on literary, film and music tourism”, Tourism Analysis vol. 20 (3), pp. 333-339. 10.3727/108354215X14356694891979
RILEY, R., BAKER, D. and VAN DOREN, C.S. (1998): “Movie induced tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 25 (4), pp. 919-935. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00045-0
ROBB, E.M. (2009): “Violence and recreation: Vacationing in the realm of dark tourism”, Anthropology and Humanism, vol. 34 (1), pp. 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1409.2009.01023.x
ROLFES, M. (2010): “Poverty tourism: Theoretical reflections and empirical findings regarding an extraordinary form of tourism”, Geojournal, vol. 75(5), pp. 421-442.
SEATON, A.V. (1996): “Guided by the dark: From thanatopsis to thanatourism”, International Journal of Heritage Studies, vol. 2 (4), pp. 234-244. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527259608722178
SHARMA, N. (2020): “Dark tourism and moral disengagement in liminal spaces”, Tourism Geographies, vol. 22 (2), pp. 273-297. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1713877
SHARPLEY, R. (2005): “Travels to the Edge of Darkness: Towards a Typology of Dark Tourism”, in C. Ryan, S. Page and M. Aitken (Eds.) Taking Tourism to the Limits: Issues,Concepts and Managerial Perspectives. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 217-228
SHARPLEY, R. (2009): “Shedding light on dark tourism: An introduction”, in R. Sharpley, and P. R. Stone (Eds.) The darker side of travel: The theory and practice of dark tourism. Channel View Publications, pp. 3-22.
SHARPLEY, R. and STONE, P. R. (2009): The Darker Side of Travel: The Theory and Practice of Dark Tourism. Bristol, Channel View Publications.
SHARPLEY, R. and WRIGHT, D. (2018): “Disasters and Disaster Tourism: The Role of the Media”, in P. R. Stone, R. Hartmann, T. Seaton, R. Sharpley, L. White (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Dark Tourism Studies pp. 335-354.
SINGHAL, A. (2004): “Empowering the oppressed through participatory theater”, Investigación and Desarrollo, vol. 12 (1), pp. 138-163.
SLOMAN, A. (2012): “Using participatory theatre in international community development”, Community development journal, vol. 47 (1), pp. 42-57. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsq059
SOMERS R.M. (1994): “The narrative constitution of identity: A relational and network approach”, Theory and Society, vol. 23 (5), pp. 605-649.
SPEARS D.L., JOSIAM B.M., KINLEY T. and POOKULANGARA, S. (2013): “Tourist See Tourist Do: The Influence of Hollywood Movies and Television on Tourism Motivation and Activity Behavior”, Hospitality Review, vol. 30 (1): pp. 53-74.
STONE, P. (2006): “A dark tourism spectrum: Towards a typology of death and macabre related tourist sites, attractions and exhibitions”, Tourism: An Interdisciplinary International Journal, vol. 54 (2), pp. 145-160.
STONE, P. (2013): “Dark tourism scholarship: A critical review”, International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, vol. 7 (3), pp. 307-318. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-06-2013-0039
STONE, P.P. (2020): “Dark tourism and ‘spectacular death’: Towards a conceptual framework”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 83, 102826. 10.1016/j.annals.2019.102826
STONE, P.R. and SHARPLEY, R. (2008): “Consuming Dark Tourism: A thanatological perspective”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 35 (2), pp. 574–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.02.003
STRANGE, C. and KEMPA, M (2003): “Shades of dark tourism: Alcatraz and Robben Island”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 30 (2), pp. 386-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00102-0
STRAUS, L., ROBBERT, T. and ROTH, S. (2016): “Customer participation in the customization of services: Effects on satisfaction and behavioral intentions”, Journal of Business Market Management, vol. 9 (1), 498-517.
TASCI, A.D. (2009): “Social distance: The missing link in the loop of movies, destination image, and tourist behavior?”, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 47 (4), pp. 494-507. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287508326534
THE CEO MAGAZINE (2019): Dark tourism: Chernobyl becomes tourist hotspot following the hit TV series. https://www.theceomagazine.com/lifestyle/travel-leisure/dark-tourism-chernobyl-tourism-tv-series/
THE HOLLYWOOD REPORTER (2018): ‘Dark Tourist’: TV Review, https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-reviews/dark-tourist-review-1128524/
THE NEW YORK TIMES (2019): ‘Joker’ Stairs Become a Bronx Tourist Draw. Hope You’re in Shape. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/movies/joker-stairs-bronx.html
THURNELL-READ, T.P. (2009): Engaging Auschwitz: An analysis of young travellers’ experiences of Holocaust tourism, 1(1), 26-52.
TUNBRIDGE, J.E. and ASHWORTH, G. J. (1996): Dissonant heritage: The management of the past as a resource in conflict. Wiley.
TURNER, V. (1973): “The center out there: Pilgrim’s goal”, History of Religions, vol. 12 (3), pp. 191-230.
WEAVER, D., TANG, C., SHI, F., HUANG, M. F., BURNS, K. and SHENG, A. (2018): “Dark tourism, emotions, and postexperience visitor effects in a sensitive geopolitical context: A Chinese case study”, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 57 (6), pp. 824-838.
WU, H. and CHENG, C. (2018): “What drives supportive intentions towards a dark tourism site?”, International Journal of Tourism Research, vol. 20 (4): pp. 458-474. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2196
ZERVA, K. (2017): “‘Chance Tourism’: Lucky enough to have seen what you will never see”. Tourist Studies, vol. 18 (2): pp. 232-254. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468797617723471
Las obras que se publican en esta revista están sujetas a los siguientes términos:
1. El Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia (la editorial) conserva los derechos patrimoniales (copyright) de las obras publicadas, y favorece y permite la reutilización de las mismas bajo la licencia de uso indicada en el punto 2.
2. Las obras se publican en la edición electrónica de la revista bajo una licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 3.0 España (texto legal). Se pueden copiar, usar, difundir, transmitir y exponer públicamente, siempre que: i) se cite la autoría y la fuente original de su publicación (revista, editorial y URL de la obra); ii) no se usen para fines comerciales; iii) se mencione la existencia y especificaciones de esta licencia de uso.
3. Condiciones de auto-archivo. Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir electrónicamente las versiones pre-print (versión antes de ser evaluada) y/o post-print (versión evaluada y aceptada para su publicación) de sus obras antes de su publicación, ya que favorece su circulación y difusión más temprana y con ello un posible aumento en su citación y alcance entre la comunidad académica. Color RoMEO: verde.
_.jpg)
