Exploración de las variaciones en el agotamiento entre deportes de equipo e individuales: las estrategias de afrontamiento como mediadoras entre el capital psicológico y el agotamiento en deportistas de nivel 3
Resumen
El agotamiento deportivo sigue siendo un problema crítico en el ámbito del deporte de élite, especialmente entre aquellos que participan en disciplinas individuales, quienes podrían ser más susceptibles en comparación con sus homólogos en deportes de equipo. Esta investigación transversal, basada en encuestas, tuvo como objetivo explorar la disparidad en los niveles de agotamiento entre atletas de deportes individuales y de equipo, examinar cómo se relaciona el capital psicológico (PsyCap) con el agotamiento deportivo y determinar si las estrategias de afrontamiento actúan como un factor mediador en esta relación. En el estudio participaron un total de 119 atletas de nivel 3, quienes completaron medidas estandarizadas sobre PsyCap, mecanismos de afrontamiento y síntomas de agotamiento. Los hallazgos indicaron que los atletas que practican deportes individuales experimentaron niveles de agotamiento notablemente superiores a los de sus homólogos en deportes de equipo (p<0,001). Los atletas de deportes individuales experimentaron niveles más elevados de agotamiento (*d* = 2,37; un tamaño del efecto grande). Además, hallamos que el PsyCap se asociaba negativamente con el agotamiento (p<0,01), lo que indica que los atletas con mayores niveles de recursos psicológicos experimentaban menos síntomas de agotamiento. Un análisis más profundo reveló que las estrategias de afrontamiento actuaron como un mediador total en esta relación; los atletas con un PsyCap elevado mostraron una mayor propensión a utilizar métodos de afrontamiento eficaces, lo cual, a su vez, contribuyó a mitigar el agotamiento. En conjunto, el modelo explicó una proporción sustancial de la varianza en los niveles de agotamiento entre los atletas. Estos resultados subrayan el papel fundamental tanto del PsyCap como de las técnicas de afrontamiento eficaces para mitigar los riesgos de agotamiento entre los atletas de élite. Las intervenciones orientadas a potenciar estos factores protectores podrían contribuir a prevenir o mitigar el agotamiento entre los atletas de élite, especialmente en el caso de aquellos que practican deportes individuales.
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