Age/Order of Acquisition influences at early stages of visual word processing: Evidence from homophonic formal priming in Spanish and English
Supporting Agencies
- This work was supported by the public resources available to Uni-versity of Murcia and Swansea University.
Abstract
Words learned first or earlier in life are processed faster, with more accuracy, and are more resistant to brain injury than words learned some time later. This phenomenon is called the age-of-acquisition (AoA) effect. Current accounts of the AoA effect place its influence in the semantic system (i.e., the semantic hypothesis), or in the irregular connections formed between representations (i.e., the arbitrary mapping hypothesis). In this study, we tested the predictions derived from these hypotheses on visual word recognition using a formal masked priming paradigm with short SOA (43 ms) and two lexical decision tasks: one in Spanish and one in English. The AoA of the target words and the orthographic and phonological relationship between primes and targets were manipulated. Results from LMM analyses showed the main effects of AoA and phonological priming and an interaction where phonological priming affected only the recognition of late-acquired words. Neither the semantic nor the arbitrary mapping hypotheses fully explain these findings. Alternative accounts such as the phonological completeness or the sensorimotor hypotheses are discussed.
Downloads
References
Adelman, J. S. (2011). Letters in time and retinotopic space. Psychological Review, 118 (4), 570-582. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024811
Adorni, R., Manfredi, M., & Proverbio, A. M. (2013). Since when or how often? Dissociating the roles of age of acquisition (AoA) and lexical frequency in early visual word processing. Brain and Language, 124(1), 132-141. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2012.11.005
Alija, M., & Cuetos, F. (2006). Efecto de las variables léxico-semánticas en el reconocimiento visual de palabras [Effect of lexical-semantic variables on visual word recognition]. Psicothema, 18(3), 485–491 https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=72718324
Aschenbrenner, A. J., Balota, D. A., Weigand, A. J., Scaltritti, M., & Besner, D. (2017). The first letter position effect in visual word recognition: The role of spatial attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 43(4), 700-718. https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000342
Baayen, R. H., Davidson, D. J., & Bates, D. M. (2008). Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of Memory and Language, 59(4), 390–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2007.12.005
Baayen, R. H., Piepenbrock, R., & van Rijn, H. (1993). The CELEX lexical database. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Linguistic Data Consortium, University of Pennsylvania.
Bakhtiar, M., & Weekes, B. (2015). Lexico-semantic effects on word naming in Persian: Does age of acquisition have an effect?. Memory & Cognition, 43(2), 298-313.
Balota, D. A., Yap, M. J., Hutchison, K. A., Cortese, M. J., Kessler, B., Loftis, B., …Treiman, R. (2007). The English lexicon project. Behavior Research Methods, 39(3), 445-459. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193014
Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001
Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01
Bonin, P., Barry, C., Méot, A., & Chalard, M. (2004). The influence of age of acquisition in word reading and other tasks: A never ending story?. Journal of Memory and language, 50(4), 456-476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2004.02.001
Bonin, P., Chalard, M., Méot, A., & Barry, C. (2006). Are age-of-acquisition effects on object naming due simply to differences in object recognition? CommentsonLevelt(2002).Memory & Cognition, 34(5), 11721182. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193263
Bonin, P., Chalard, M., Méot, A., & Fayol, M. (2001). Age-of-acquisition and word frequency in the lexical decision task: Further evidence from the French language. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive/Current Psychology of Cognition, 20(6), 401-443.
Brainard, M. S., & Knudsen, E. (1998). Sensitive periods for visual calibration of the auditory space map in the barn owl optic tectum. Journal of Neuroscience, 18(10), 3929–3942. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-10-03929.1998
Brown, G. D. A., & Watson, F. L. (1987). First in, first out: Word learning age and spoken word frequency as predictors of word familiarity and word naming latency. Memory & Cognition, 15(3), 208–216. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03197718
Brysbaert, M. (2001). Prelexical phonological coding of visual words in Dutch: Automatic after all. Memory & Cognition, 29(5), 765-773. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200479
Brysbaert, M. (2017). Age of acquisition ratings score better on criterion validity than frequency trajectory or ratings ‘corrected’ for frequency. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70(7), 1129–1139. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1172097
Brysbaert, M., Van Wijnendaele, I., & De Deyne, S. (2000). Age-of-acquisition effects in semantic processing tasks. Acta Psychologica, 104(2), 215-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-6918(00)00021-4
Brysbaert, M., Warriner, A. B., & Kuperman, V. (2014). Concreteness ratings for 40 thousand generally known English word lemmas. Behavior Research Methods, 46(3), 904-911. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0403-5
Carreiras, M. & Perea, M. (2002). Masked priming effects with syllabic neighbors in a lexical decision task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28(5), 1228-1242. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.28.5.1228
Carreiras, M., Ferrand, L., Grainger, J., & Perea, M. (2005). Sequential effects of phonological priming in visual word recognition. Psychological Science, 16(8), 585-589. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01579.x
Catling, J. C., & Elsherif, M. M. (2020). The hunt for the age of acquisition effect: It’s in the links!. Acta Psychologica, 209, 103138. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103138
Catling, J. C., & Johnston, R. A. (2009). The varying effects of age of acquisition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 62(1), 50–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210701814352
Catling, J. C., Pymont, C., Johnston, R. A., Elsherif, M. M., Clark, R., & Kendall, E. (2021). Age of acquisition effects in recognition without identification tasks. Memory, 29(5), 662–674. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 09658211.2021.1931695
Chalard, M., & Bonin, P. (2006). Age-of-acquisition effects in picture naming: Are they structural and/or semantic in nature? Visual Cognition, 13(7-8), 864-883. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506280544000084
Chateau, D., & Jared, D. (2000). Exposure to print and word recognition processes. Memory & Cognition, 28(1), 143-153. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211582
Clark, A. (2006). Language, embodiment, and the cognitive niche. Trends in cognitive sciences, 10(8), 370-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.06.012
Coltheart, M., Rastle, K., Perry, C., Langdon, R., & Ziegler, J. (2001). DRC: a dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud. Psychological Review, 108(1), 204-256. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.108.1.204
Conrad, M., Carreiras, M., Tamm, S., & Jacobs, A. M. (2009). Syllables and bigrams: Orthographic redundancy and syllabic units affect visual word recognition at different processing levels. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35(2), 461. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013480
Cortese, M. J., & Khanna, M. M. (2007). Age of acquisition predicts naming and lexical-decision performance above and beyond 22 other predictor variables: An analysis of 2,342 words. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60(8), 1072-1082. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210701315467
Cortese, M. J., Toppi, S., Khanna, M. M., & Santo, J. B. (2020). AoA effects in reading aloud and lexical decision: Locating the (semantic) locus in terms of the number of backward semantic associations. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 73(11), 2036–2044. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747021820940302
Cuetos, F., & Barbón, A. (2006). Word naming in Spanish. The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 18(3), 415–436. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320500165896
Davies, R., Barbón, A., & Cuetos, F. (2013). Lexical and semantic age-of-acquisition effects on word naming in Spanish. Memory & Cognition, 41, 297-311. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-012-0263-8
Davis, C. J. (2005). N-Watch: A program for deriving neighborhood size and other psycholinguistic statistics. Behavior Research Methods, 37(1), 65-70. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206399
Dent, K., Catling, J. C., & Johnston, R. A. (2007). Age of acquisition affects object recognition: Evidence from visual duration thresholds. Acta Psychologica, 125(3), 301-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2006.08.004
Duchon, A., Perea, M., Sebastián-Gallés, N., Martí, A., Carreiras, M. (2013). EsPal: One-stop Shopping for Spanish Word Properties. Behavior Research Methods, 45(4), 1246-1258. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0326-1
Ellis, A. W., & Lambon Ralph, M. (2000). Age of acquisition effects in adult lexical processing reflect loss of plasticity in maturing systems: Insights from connectionist networks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26(5), 1103–1123. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.26.5.1103
Elsherif, M. M., Preece, E., & Catling, J. C. (2023). Age-of-acquisition effects: A literature review. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 49(5), 812–847. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001215
Fagiolini, M., Pizzorusso, T., Berardi, N., Domenici, L., & Maffei, L. (1994). Functional postnatal development of the rat primary visual cortex and the role of visual experience: Dark rearing and monocular deprivation. Vision Research, 34(6), 709–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(94)90210-0
Ferrand, L., & Grainger, J. (1993). The time course of orthographic and phonological code activation in the early phases of visual word recognition. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 31(2), 119-122. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03334157
Ferrand, L., & Grainger, J. (1994). Effects of orthography are independent of phonology in masked form priming. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47(2), 365-382. https://doi.org/10.1080/14640749408401116
Ferrand, L., & Grainger, J. (1996). List context effects on masked phonological priming in the lexical decision task. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3(4), 515-519. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03214557
Fiebach, C. J., Friederici, A. D., Müller, K., von Cramon, D. Y., & Hernandez, A. E. (2003). Distinct brain representations for early and late learned words. Neuroimage, 19(4), 1627–1637. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00227-1
Flege, J. E., Munro, M. J., & MacKay, I. R. A. (1995). Effects of age of second-language learning on the production of English consonants. Speech Communication, 16(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6393(94)00044-B
Fowler, A. E. (1991). How early phonological development might set the stage for phoneme awareness. In S. A. Brady & D. P. Shankweiler (Eds.), Phonological processes in literacy: A tribute to Isabelle Y. Liberman (pp. 97-117). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Frost, R. (1998). Toward a strong phonological theory of visual word recognition: True issues and false trails. Psychological Bulletin, 123(1), 71-99. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.123.1.71
Frost, R., Ahissar, M., Gotesman, R., & Tayeb, S. (2003). Are phonological effects fragile? The effect of luminance and exposure duration on form priming and phonological priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 48(2), 346-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-596X(02)00510-7
Frost, R., Katz, L., & Bentin, S. (1987). Strategies for visual word recognition and orthographical depth: A multilingual comparison. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 13, 104-115. https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-1523.13.1.104
Gaskell, M. G., & Marslen-Wilson, W. D. (1997). Integrating form and meaning: A distributed model of speech perception. Language and Cognitive Processes, 12(5-6), 613-656. https://doi.org/10.1080/016909697386646
Gerhand, S. & Barry, C. (1999). Age of acquisition, word frequency, and the role of phonology in the lexical decision task. Memory & Cognition, 27(4), 592-602. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211553
Ghyselinck, M., Lewis, M. B., & Brysbaert, M. (2004). Age of acquisition and the cumulative-frequency hypothesis: A review of the literature and a new multi-task investigation. Acta Psychologica, 115(1), 43-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2003.11.002
González-Nosti, M., Barbón, A., Rodríguez-Ferreiro, J., & Cuetos, F. (2014). Effects of the psycholinguistic variables on the lexical decision task in Spanish: A study with 2,765 words. Behavior Research Methods, 46(2), 517-525. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0383-5
Grainger, J. (1992). Orthographic neighborhoods and visual word recognition. In R. Frost (Ed.), Orthography, phonology, morphology, and meaning (pp. 131–146). North-Holland.
Grainger, J., & Ferrand, L. (1994). Phonology and orthography in visual word recognition: Effects of masked homophone primes. Journal of Memory and Language, 33(2), 218-233. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1994.1011
Grainger, J., & Ferrand, L. (1996). Masked orthographic and phonological priming in visual word recognition and naming: Cross-task comparisons. Journal of Memory and Language, 35(5), 623-647. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1996.0033
Grainger, J., Diependaele, K., Spinelli, E., Ferrand, L., & Farioli, F. (2003). Masked repetition and phonological priming within and across modalities. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29(6), 1256-1269. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.29.6.1256
Havelka, J., & Tomita, I. (2006). Age of acquisition in naming Japanese words. Visual Cognition, 13(7-8), 981-991. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506280544000156
Hernandez, A. E., & Li, P. (2007). Age of acquisition: its neural and computational mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 133(4), 638-650. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.638
Hirsh, K. W., Morrison, C. M., Gaset, S., & Carnicer, E. (2003). Age of acquisition and speech production in L2. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6(2), 117-128. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.638
Izura, C., & Ellis, A. W. (2004). Age of acquisition effects in translation judgement tasks. Journal of Memory and Language, 50(2), 165-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2003.09.004
Izura, C., Pérez, M. A., Agallou, E., Wright, V. C., Marín, J., Stadthagen-González, H., & Ellis, A. W. (2011). Age/order of acquisition effects and the cumulative learning of foreign words: A word training study. Journal of Memory and Language, 64(1), 32-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2010.09.002
Johnston, R. A., & Barry, C. (2006). Age of acquisition and lexical processing. Visual Cognition, 13(7-8), 789-845. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506280544000066
Juhasz, B. J. (2005). Age-of-acquisition effects in word and picture identification. Psychological Bulletin, 131(5), 684. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.5.684
Jusczyk, P. W. (1986). Toward a model of the development of speech perception. In J. S. Perkell & D. H. Klatt (Eds.), Invariance and variability in speech processes (pp. 1-35). Hillsdale, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Jusczyk, P. W. (1993). From general to language-specific capacities: The WRAPSA model of how speech perception develops. Journal of Phonetics, 21(1-2), 3-28
Kroll, J. F., & De Groot, A. M. (Eds.) (2005). Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches. Oxford University Press.
Kuperman, V., Stadthagen-Gonzalez, H., & Brysbaert, M. (2012). Age-of-acquisition ratings for 30,000 English words. Behavior research methods, 44, 978-990. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-012-0210-4
Lambon Ralph, M. A., & Ehsan, S. (2006). Age of acquisition effects depend on the mapping between representations and the frequency of occurrence: Empirical and computational evidence. Visual Cognition, 13(7-8), 928–948. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506280544000110
Leinenger, M. (2014). Phonological coding during reading. Psychological Bulletin, 140(6), 1534-1555. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037830
Lenth, R. (2023). emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means. R package version 1.8.4. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=emmeans
Levelt, W. J., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A. S. (1999). A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22(1), 1-38. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X99001776
Lima, S. D., & Huntsman, L. A. (1997). Sequential dependencies in the lexical decision task. Psychological Research, 60(4), 264-269. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00419412
Lukatela, G., & Turvey, M. T. (2000). An evaluation of the two-cycles model of phonology assembly. Journal of Memory and Language, 42(2), 183-207. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1999.2672
Lukatela, G., Eaton, T., Lee, C., & Turvey, M. T. (2001). Does visual word identification involve a sub-phonemic level? Cognition, 78(3), B41-B52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00121-9
Lukatela, G., Frost, S. J., & Turvey, M. T. (1998). Phonological priming by masked nonword primes in the lexical decision task. Journal of Memory and Language, 39(4), 666-683. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1998.2599
Mackay, I. R. A., & Flege, J. E. (2004). Effects of the age of second language learning on the duration of first and second language sentences: The role of suppression. Applied Psycholinguistics, 25(3), 373–396. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716404001171
Metsala, J. L., & Walley, A. C. (1998). Spoken vocabulary growth and the segmental restructuring of lexical representations: Precursors to phonemic awareness and early reading ability. In J. L. Metsala & L. C. Ehri (Eds.), Word recognition in beginning literacy (pp. 89-120). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Monaghan, J., & Ellis, A. W. (2002a). What, exactly, interacts with spelling sound consistency in word naming? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28(1), 183–206. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.28.1.183
Monaghan, J., & Ellis, A. W. (2002b). Age of acquisition and the completeness of phonological representations. Reading and Writing, 15(7-8), 759–788. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020958722472
Monaghan, P., & Ellis, A. W. (2010). Modeling reading development: Cumulative, incremental learning in a computational model of word naming. Journal of Memory and Language, 63(4), 506–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2010.08.003
Moore, V., & Valentine, T. (1998). The effect of age-of-acquisition on speed and accuracy of naming famous faces. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 51, 485–513. https://doi.org/10.1080/713755779
Morrison, C. M., Chappell, T. D., & Ellis, A. W. (1997). Age of acquisition norms for a large set of object names and their relation to adult estimates and other variables. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology, 50A(3), 528-559. https://doi.org/10.1080/027249897392017
Perea, M., & Carreiras, M. (1998). Effects of syllable frequency and syllable neighbourhood frequency in visual word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 24(1), 134-144. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.24.1.134
Perea, M., & Carreiras, M. (2003). Sequential effects in the lexical decision task: The role of the item frequency of the previous trial. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Series a Human Experimental Psychology, 56(3), 385-402. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724980244000387
Perea, M., & Rosa, E. (2002). The effects of associative and semantic priming in the lexical decision task. Psychological Research, 66, 180-194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-002-0086-5
Pérez, M. A. (2007). Age of acquisition persists as the main factor in picture naming when cumulative word frequency and frequency trajectory are controlled. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60(1), 32-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210600577423
Pérez, M. A., Alameda, J. R. & Cuetos, F. (2003). Frecuencia, longitud y vecindad ortográfica de las palabras de 3 a 16 letras del Diccionario de la Lengua Española (RAE, 1992) [Frequency, length, and orthographic neighborhood of words from 3 to 16 letters from the Dictionary of the Spanish Language (RAE, 1992)]. Revista Electrónica de Metodología Aplicada, 8(2), 1-10. Retrieved from https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=795198
Pérez, M., & Navalón, C. (2005). Objective-AoA norms for 175 names in Spanish: Relationships with other psycholinguistic variables, estimated AoA, and data from other languages. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 17(2), 179-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440340000547
Perfetti, C. A., & Bell, L. (1991). Phonemic activation during the first 40 ms of word identification: Evidence from backward masking and priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 30(4), 473-485. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(91)90017-E
Perret, C., Bonin, P., & Laganaro, M. (2014). Exploring the multiple-level hypothesis of AoA effects in spoken and written object naming using a topographic ERP analysis. Brain and Language, 135, 20-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2014.04.006
Pollatsek, A., Perea, M., & Carreiras, M. (2005). Does conal prime CANAL more than cinal? Masked phonological priming effects in Spanish with the lexical decision task. Memory & Cognition, 33(3), 557-565. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193071
R Core Team (2023). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/
Raman, I. (2006). On the age-of-acquisition effects in word naming and orthographic transparency: Mapping specific or universal? Visual Cognition, 13(7-8), 1044-1053. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506280500153200
Ramanujan, K., & Weekes, B. S. (2020). Predictors of lexical retrieval in Hindi–English bilingual speakers. Bilingualism: Language and cognition, 23(2), 265-273. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728918001177
RStudio Team (2023). RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. RStudio, PBC, Boston, MA URL http://www.rstudio.com/
Schneider, W., Eschman, A., & Zuccolotto, A. (2002). E-Prime: User's guide. Psychology Software Incorporated.
Sebastián, N., Martí, M. A., Carreiras, M. F., & Cuetos, F. (2000). LEXESP, léxico informatizado del Español [LEXESP, computerized lexicon of Spanish]. Edicions Universitat de Barcelona. Retrieved from http://www.publicacions.ub.edu/ficha.aspx?cod=05096e
Soetens, E. (1998). Localizing sequential effects in serial choice reaction time with the information reduction procedure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 24(2), 547-568. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.24.2.547
Stadthagen-Gonzalez, H., Bowers, J. S., & Damian, M. F. (2004). Age of acquisition effects in visual word recognition: Evidence from expert vocabularies. Cognition, 93(1), 11–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2003.10.009
Stadthagen-Gonzalez, H., Damian, M. F., Pérez, M. A., Bowers, J. S., & Marín, J. (2009). Name-picture verification as a control measure for object naming: A task analysis and norms for a large set of pictures. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 62(8), 1581–1597. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210802511139
Steyvers, M., & Tenenbaum, J. B. (2005). The large-scale structure of semantic networks: Statistical analyses and a model of semantic growth. Cognitive Science, 29(1), 41-78. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog2901_3
Vitkovitch, M., & Tyrrell, L. (1995). Sources of disagreement in object naming. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology, 48(4), 822-848. https://doi.org/10.1080/14640749508401419
Wilson, M. (1988). MRC psycholinguistic database: Machine-usable dictionary, version 2.00. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 20(1), 6-10. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03202594
Wilson, M. A., Cuetos, F., Davies, R., & Burani, C. (2013). Revisiting age-of-acquisition effects in Spanish visual word recognition: The role of item imageability. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39(6), 1842-1859. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033090
Wilson, M. A., Ellis, A. W., & Burani, C. (2012). Age-of-acquisition affects word naming in Italian only when stress is irregular. Acta Psychologica, 139(3), 417–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.12.012
Yum, Y. N., & Law, S. P. (2019). Interactions of age of acquisition and lexical frequency effects with phonological regularity: An ERP study. Psychophysiology, 56(10), e13433. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13433
Zevin, J. D., & Seidenberg, M. S. (2002). Age of acquisition effects in word reading and other tasks. Journal of Memory and Language, 47(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.2001.2834
Ziegler, J. C., Ferrand, L., Jacobs, A. M., Rey, A., & Grainger, J. (2000). Visual and phonological codes in letter and word recognition: Evidence from incremental priming. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology, 53(3), 671-692. https://doi.org/10.1080/713755906
Copyright (c) 2024 Servicio de Publicaciones, University of Murcia (Spain)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The works published in this journal are subject to the following terms:
1. The Publications Service of the University of Murcia (the publisher) retains the property rights (copyright) of published works, and encourages and enables the reuse of the same under the license specified in paragraph 2.
© Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, 2022
2. The works are published in the online edition of the journal under a Creative Commons Reconocimiento-CompartirIgual 4.0 (legal text). You can copy, use, distribute, transmit and publicly display, provided that: i) you cite the author and the original source of publication (journal, editorial and URL of the work), ii) are not used for commercial purposes, iii ) mentions the existence and specifications of this license.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
3. Conditions of self-archiving. Is allowed and encouraged the authors to disseminate electronically pre-print versions (version before being evaluated and sent to the journal) and / or post-print (version reviewed and accepted for publication) of their works before publication, as it encourages its earliest circulation and diffusion and thus a possible increase in its citation and scope between the academic community. RoMEO Color: Green.
