Impacto de problemas de salud mental y apoyo social en la calidad de sueño: Seguimiento longitudinal antes y durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en universitarios chilenos
Resumen
Introducción: Antecedentes refieren altos índices de problemas de salud mental en universitarios antes y durante la pandemia por COVID-19, con efectos sobre la baja calidad de sueño; sin embargo, el apoyo social percibido actuaría como un factor protector. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la salud mental (ansiedad, depresión y estrés) sobre la calidad de sueño, de forma transversal y longitudinal, antes y durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en universitarios chilenos, verificando si el apoyo social percibido podría moderar esta relación. Material y Métodos: 1.619 universitarios en el año 2019 y 1.862 en el año 2020 respondieron cuestionarios orientados a medir depresión, ansiedad, estrés, calidad del sueño y apoyo social percibido. Con una fracción de la muestra que respondió en ambos años (n = 325) se realizó análisis longitudinal y se contrastaron los puntajes de los instrumentos entre ambos años, mediante una matriz de transición y un modelo de regresión múltiple. Resultados: Se encuentran altas prevalencias de problemas de salud mental, aumentando en el año 2020 la sintomatología moderada y grave. Se agudizan los problemas de sueño y la percepción de bajo apoyo social. Todas las variables de salud mental pueden predecir la calidad del sueño, excepto el apoyo social y longitudinalmente, aumenta la severidad de la baja calidad de sueño y la depresión. No se encuentran moderaciones significativas entre apoyo social percibido y el resto de las variables. Conclusiones: El efecto de la pandemia en la salud mental es complejo, requiriéndose acciones concretas para apoyar psicológicamente a los estudiantes.
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