Predictores de la inmovilidad tónica ante eventos traumáticos

Autores/as

  • Arturo Bados Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológicos, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Barcelona.
  • Eugeni García-Grau Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológicos, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Barcelona.
  • Adela Fusté Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológicos, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Barcelona.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.31.3.178491
Palabras clave: Inmovilidad tónica, eventos traumáticos, trauma, Escala de Inmovilidad Tónica, Cuestionario de Eventos Traumáticos

Resumen

La inmovilidad tónica (IT) es una posible reacción ante el peligro que es facilitada por el miedo intenso, la restricción física y la incapacidad percibida de escapar. Otras variables que podrían influir, tales como el tipo de eventos traumáticos, características de los mismos y características personales han sido poco o nada estudiadas. El presente estudio evaluó la capacidad de estas variables para predecir la IT en una muestra de 273 universitarios que habían experimentado al menos un suceso traumático. El 7.7% y el 13.2% de participantes reaccionaron con IT según las dos definiciones más estrictas adoptadas. La mayoría de las variables estuvieron significativamente asociadas con la IT en análisis univariantes. Sin embargo, en un análisis de regresión múltiple, sólo ciertas características de los eventos (ocurrencia de maltrato físico/ abuso sexual, número de tipos diferentes de eventos experimentados) y determinadas reacciones ante los mismos (percepción de lo traumáticos que fueron, respuesta de miedo intenso) fueron predictores significativos de la IT. Puesto que estos predictores sólo explicaron el 25% de la varianza, debería investigarse la influencia de otras variables, tales como el neuroticismo, la afectividad negativa  y la sensación de falta de control personal o de recursos para afrontar los eventos traumáticos.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Abrams, M. P., Carleton, R. y Asmundson, G. G. (2012). Tonic immo-bility does not uniquely predict posttraumatic stress symptom severity. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4, 278-284. doi:10.1037/a0023272

Abrams, M. P., Carleton, R., Taylor, S. y Asmundson, G. G. (2009). Hu-man tonic immobility: Measurement and correlates. Depression and Anxiety, 26, 550-556. doi: 10.1002/da.20462

American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders, DSM-IV-TR (4ª ed., texto revisado). Washington, DC: Autor.

Amir, M. y Sol, O. (1999). Psychological impact and prevalence of traumatic events in a student sample in Israel: The effect of multiple traumatic events and physical injury. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12, 139-154. Doi: 10.1023/A:1024754618063

Bados, A., Greco, A. y Toribio, L. (2012a). Experiencias traumáticas y trastorno por estrés postraumático en universitarios españoles [Traumatic experiences and posttraumatic stress disorder in Spanish university students]. Anales de Psicología, 28, 387-396. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.28.2.148861

Bados, A., Greco, A. y Toribio, L. (2012b). La utilidad del criterio A en el trastorno por estrés postraumático [The utility of criterion A in the posttraumatic stress disorder]. Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual, 20, 663-680.

Bados, A., Greco, A. y Toribio, L. (2013). Eventos traumáticos en universitarios de psicología y sintomatología postraumática, de depresión, ansiedad y estrés en la actualidad [Traumatic events in psychology college students and current post-traumatic symptomatology, depression, anxiety and stress]. Behavioral Psycho-logy/Psicología Conductual, 21, 303-319.

Bados, A. y Peró, M. (2015). Psychometric properties of the Modified Tonic Immobility Scale. Anales de Psicología, 31, 66-73. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.31.1.164031

Bados, A., Toribio, L. y García Grau, E. (2008). Traumatic events and tonic immobility [Traumatic events and tonic immobility]. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11, 516-521.

Barlow, D.H. (2002). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic (2ª ed.). Nueva York: Guilford.

Bedard-Gilligan, M. y Zoellner, L. A. (2008). The utility of the A1 and A2 criteria in the diagnosis of PTSD. Behavior Research and Therapy, 46, 1062–1069. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.06.009

Bernat, J. A., Ronfeldt, H. M., Calhoun, K. S. y Arias, I. (1998). Preva-lence of traumatic events and peritraumatic predictors of post-traumatic stress symptoms in a nonclinical sample of college students. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 645-664. Doi: 10.1023/A:1024485130934

Bovin, M. J., Jager-Hyman, S., Gold, S. D., Marx, B. P. y Sloan, D. M. (2008). Tonic immobility mediates the influence of peritraumatic fear and perceived inescapability on posttraumatic stress symptom severity among sexual assault survivors. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 402-409. doi:10.1002/jts.20354

Bracha, H. S. (2004). Freeze, flight, fight, fright, faint: Adaptationist perspectives on the acute stress response spectrum. CNS Spectrums, 9, 679-685.

Breslau, N., Kessler, R. C., Chilcoat, H. D., Schultz, L. R., Davis, G. C. y Andreski, P. (1998). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: The 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 626-632. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.7.626

Breslau, N. y Peterson, E. L. (2010). Assaultive violence and the risk of posttraumatic stress disorder following a subsequent trauma. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 1063-1066. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2010.07.001

Breslau, N., Peterson, E. L. y Schultz, L. R. (2008). A second look at prior trauma and the posttraumatic stress disorder effects of subsequent trauma: A prospective epidemiological study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 431-437. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.65.4.431

Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B. y Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 748–766. doi: 10.1037//0022-006X.68.5.748

Cougle, J. R., Resnick, H. y Kilpatrick, D. G. (2009). Does prior expo-sure to interpersonal violence increase risk of PTSD following subsequent exposure? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 1012-1017. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2009.07.014

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2ª ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Connor, K. M. y Butterfield, M. I. (2005). Trastorno por estrés postraumático. En J.R.T. Davidson (Ed.), Trastorno por estrés postraumático (pp. 15-31). Barcelona: Medical Trends. (Original de 2003.)

del Campo, A. y López, F. (2006). Evaluación de un programa de prevención de abusos sexuales a menores en Educación Primaria [Evaluation of school-based child sexual abuse prevention pro-gram]. Psicothema, 18, 1-8.

Ehlers, A. y Clark, D. M. (2003). Early psychological interventions for adult survivors of trauma: A review. Biological Psychiatry, 53, 817-826. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01812-7

Feldner, M. T., Monson, C. M. y Friedman, M. J. (2007). A critical analysis of approaches to targeted PTSD prevention. Behavior Modification, 31, 80-116. doi: 10.1177/0145445506295057

Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3ª ed.). Londres: SAGE.

Fiszman, A., Mendlowicz, M. V., Marques-Portella, C., Volchan, E., Coutinho, E. S., Souza, W. F., . . . Figueira, I. (2008). Peritraumatic tonic immobility predicts a poor response to pharmacological treatment in victims of urban violence with PTSD. Journal of Affective Disorders, 107, 193-197. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.07.015

Forsyth, J. P., Marx, B., Fusé, T. M. K., Heidt, J. y Gallup, G. G., Jr. (2000). The Tonic Immobility Scale¬–Adult Form. Albany, NY: Authors.

Foshee, V., Bauman, K., Ennett, S., Linder, G., Benefield, T. y Suchin-dran, C. (2004). Assessing the long-term effects of the safe dates program and a booster in preventing and reducing adolescent dating violence victimization and perpetration. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 619–624. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.94.4.619

Frazier, P., Anders, S., Perera, S., Tomich, P., Tennen, H., Park, C. y Ta-shiro, T. (2009). Traumatic events among undergraduate students: Prevalence and associated symptoms. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 450-460. doi: 10.1037/a0016412

Fusé, T., Forsyth, J. P., Marx, B., Gallup, G .G. y Weaver, S. (2007). Factor structure of the Tonic Immobility Scale in female sexual assault survivors: An exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 265-283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.05.004

Gray, J. A. (1987). The psychology of fear and stress (2ª ed.). Cambridge: Cam-bridge University Press.

Green, B. L., Goodman, L. A., Krupnick, J. L., Corcoran, C. B., Petty, R. M., Stockton, P. y Stern, N. M. (2000). Outcomes of single versus multiple trauma exposure in a screening sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 271–286. doi: 10.1023/A:1007758711939

Griffith, J. y West, C. (2013). Master resilience training and its relation-ship to individual well-being and stress buffering among Army National Guard soldiers. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 40, 140-155. doi:10.1007/s11414-013-9320-8

Hagenaars, M. A. y Putman, P. (2011). Attentional control affects the relationship between tonic immobility and intrusive memories. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42, 379-383. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.02.013

Heidt, J. M., Marx, B. P. y Forsyth, J. P. (2005). Tonic immobility and childhood sexual abuse: A preliminary report evaluating the se-quelae of rape-induced paralysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 1157-1171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.08.0 05

Hofmann, S. y Smits, J. (2008). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69, 621-632.

Humphreys, K. L., Sauder, C. L., Martin, E. K. y Marx, B. P. (2010). Ton-ic immobility in childhood sexual abuse survivors and its relationship to posttraumatic stress symptomatology. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25, 358-373. doi:10.1177/0886260509334412

Irish, L., Ostrowski, S. A., Fallon, W., Spoonster, E., van Dulmen, M., Sledjeski, E. M. y Delahanty, D. L. (2008). Trauma history characteristics and subsequent PTSD symptoms in motor vehicle accident victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 377-384. doi: 10.1002/jts.20346

Lauterbach, D. y Vrana, S. (1996).Three studies on the reliability and validity of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder. Assessmentt, 3, 17-25. doi: 10.1177/107319119600300102

Leach, J. (2004). Why people 'freeze' in an emergency: Temporal and cognitive constraints on survival responses. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 75, 539-542.

Lima, A. A., Fiszman, A., Marques-Portella, C., Mendlowicz, M. V., Cou-tinho, E. F., Maia, D. B., . . . Figueira, I. (2010). The impact of tonic immobility reaction on the prognosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44, 224-228. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.08.005

Martín, J. L. y de Paúl, J. (2004). Trastorno por estrés postraumático en víctimas de situaciones traumáticas [Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in traumatic events victims]. Psicothema, 16, 45-49.

Marx, B. P., Forsyth, J. P., Gallup, G. G., Fusé, T. y Lexington, J. M. (2008). Tonic immobility as an evolved predator defense: Implications for sexual assault survivors. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 15, 74-90. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2008.00112.x

Moskowitz, A. (2004). 'Scared Stiff': Catatonia as an evolutionary-based fear response. Psychological Review, 111, 984-1002. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.111.4.984

O’Connor, P., Campbell, J., Newon, J., Melton, J., Salas, E. y Wilson, K. A. (2008). Crew resource management training effectiveness: A meta-analysis and some critical needs. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 18(4), 353-368. doi:10.1080/10508410802347044

O’Donnell, M. L., Creamer, M., McFarlane, A. C., Silove, D. y Bryant, R. A. (2010). Should A2 be a diagnostic requirement for posttraumatic stress disorder in DSM-V? Psychiatry Research, 176, 257-260. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.05.012

Owens, G. P. y Chard, K. M. (2006). PTSD severity and cognitive reac-tions to trauma among a college sample: An exploratory study. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, & Trauma, 13, 23–36. doi: 10.1300/J146v13n02_02

Ozer, E. J., Best, S. R., Lipsey, T. L. y Weiss, D. S. (2003). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A me-ta analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 52-73. doi: 10.1037/1942-9681.S.1.3

Rocha-Rego, V., Fiszman, A., Portugal, L., Pereira, M., de Oliveira, L., Mendlowicz, M. V., . . . Volchan, E. (2009). Is tonic immobility the core sign among conventional peritraumatic signs and symptoms listed for PTSD? Journal of Affective Disorders, 115, 269-273. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.09.005

Rolfsnes, E. S. y Idsoe, T. (2011). School‐based intervention programs for PTSD symptoms: A review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Trau-matic Stress, 24, 155-165. doi: 10.1002/jts.20622

Rubin, D. C., Berntsen, D. y Bohni, M. K. (2008). A memory-based model of posttraumatic stress disorder: evaluating basic assumptions underlying the PTSD diagnosis. Psychological Review, 115, 985-1011. doi: 10.1037/a0013397

Scaer, R. (2014). The body bears the burden: trauma dissociation and disease (3ª ed.). Nueva York: Routledge.

Sledjeski, E. M., Speisman, B. y Dierker, L.C. (2010). Does number of lifetime traumas explain the relationship between PTSD and chronic medical conditions? Answers from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS R). Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 31, 341-349. doi: 10.1007/s10865-008-9158-3

Tamanas, I. A. y Manos, G. (2004). A clinical protocol for the develop-ment of virtual reality behavioral training in disaster exposure and relief. Annual Review of CyberTherapy and Telemedicine, 2, 71-83.

Volchan, E., Souza, G. G., Franklin, C. M., Norte, C. E., Rocha-Rego, V., Oliveira, J. M., . . . Figueira, I. (2011). Is there tonic immobility in humans? Biological evidence from victims of traumatic stress. Biological Psychology, 88, 13-19. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.06.002

Vrana, S. y Lauterbach, D. (1994). Prevalence of traumatic events and post traumatic psychological symptoms in a nonclinical sample of college students. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7, 289-302. doi: 10.1002/jts.2490070209

Whitaker, D. J., Morrison, S., Lindquist, C., Hawkins, S. R., O’Neil, J. A., Nesius, A. M., . . . Reese, L.'R. (2006). A critical review of interven-tions for the primary prevention of perpetration of partner violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11(2), 151-166. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2005.07.007

Wolmer, L., Hamiel, D. y Laor, N. (2011). Preventing children's posttraumatic stress after disaster with teacher-based intervention: A controlled study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(4), 340-348. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.01.002

Zoellner, L. A. (2008). Translational challenges with tonic immobility. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 15, 98-101. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2008.00114.x

Zwi, K., Woolfenden, S., Wheeler, D. M., O'Brien, T., Tait, P. y Wil-liams, K. J. (2007). School‐based education programmes for the prevention of child sexual abuse. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. Art. No.: CD004380. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004380.pub2.

Publicado
16-09-2015
Cómo citar
Bados, A., García-Grau, E., & Fusté, A. (2015). Predictores de la inmovilidad tónica ante eventos traumáticos. Anales de Psicología / Annals of Psychology, 31(3), 782–790. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.31.3.178491
Número
Sección
Psicología clínica y de la salud

Publication Facts

Metric
This article
Other articles
Peer reviewers 
2,4 promedio

Reviewer profiles  N/D

Author statements

Author statements
This article
Other articles
Data availability 
N/A
16%
External funding 
N/D
32% con financiadores
Competing interests 
N/D
11%
Metric
Para esta revista
Other journals
Articles accepted 
Artículos aceptados: 52%
33% aceptado
Days to publication 
802
145

Indexado: {$indexList}

Editor & editorial board
profiles
Academic society 
N/D
Editora: 
Editum - Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia (España)