The effects of the combination of resistance exercise and heat stress on cell production and plasma levels of cytokines
Abstract
Global warming and its effects on human health encourage the examination of the effect of resistance exercise and heat stress on cytokines production. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction effect of resistance training and heat on the immune system of healthy active men. Six trained males (27.83±1.9 years, 86.45±10.3 kg) completed a 60-minute resistance exercise with 75% 1RM in two conditions (~25 °C, normal or ~35 °C, heat). The following were evaluated: LPS-stimulated cytokine production, plasma cytokine levels, and cortisol. The results showed that heat stress increased (P=0.027) plasma IL-6 and remained high after 1 hr (P=0.026). Upon stimulation with LPS, IL-6 cell production in heat and normal conditions increased immediately (PH=0.026; PN=0.048), decreased 1 hr after exercise, and returned to baseline (PH=0.005; PN=0.033). However, post-exercise LPS-TNF-α release decreased immediately only in a heated environment (P=0.029). The concentration of blood cortisol was unaffected by normal or heat conditions. The findings of this research suggest that other factors beyond cortisol regulated cytokines during heat-exposed exercise. Furthermore, the IL-6 had a regulatory function on TNF-α release. These cytokine changes showed that real work in similar temperatures did not negatively affect the immune system.
Downloads
References
Cadore, E. L., Lhullier, F. L. R., Brentano, M. A., da Silva, E. M., Ambrosini, M. B., Spinelli, R., . . . Kruel, L. F. M. (2008). Hormonal responses to resistance exercise in long-term trained and untrained middle-aged men. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(5), 1617-1624. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31817bd45d
Costello, J. T., Rendell, R. A., Furber, M., Massey, H. C., Tipton, M. J., Young, J. S., & Corbett, J. (2018). Effects of acute or chronic heat exposure, exercise and dehydration on plasma cortisol, IL-6 and CRP levels in trained males. Cytokine, 110, 277-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2018.01.018
DeRijk, R., Michelson, D., Karp, B., Petrides, J., Galliven, E., Deuster, P., . . . Sternberg, E. M. (1997). Exercise and circadian rhythm-induced variations in plasma cortisol differentially regulate interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) production in humans: high sensitivity of TNFα and resistance of IL-6. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 82(7), 2182-2191.
Dimitrov, S., Hulteng, E., & Hong, S. (2017). Inflammation and exercise: Inhibition of monocytic intracellular TNF production by acute exercise via β2-adrenergic activation. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 61, 60-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2016.12.017
Docherty, S., Harley, R., McAuley, J. J., Crowe, L. A., Pedret, C., Kirwan, P. D., . . . Millar, N. L. (2022). The effect of exercise on cytokines: implications for musculoskeletal health: a narrative review. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 14(1), 1-14.
Eskandari, A., Fashi, M., Saeidi, A., Boullosa, D., Laher, I., Ben Abderrahman, A., . . . Zouhal, H. (2020). Resistance exercise in a hot environment alters serum markers in untrained males. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, 597. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00597
Fatouros, I., Chatzinikolaou, A., Paltoglou, G., Petridou, A., Avloniti, A., Jamurtas, A., . . . Lazaropoulou, C. (2010). Acute resistance exercise results in catecholaminergic rather than hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis stimulation during exercise in young men. Stress, 13(6), 461-468. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253891003743432
Ferat-Osorio, E., Sánchez-Anaya, A., Gutiérrez-Mendoza, M., Boscó-Gárate, I., Wong-Baeza, I., Pastelin-Palacios, R., . . . Pérez-Salazar, E. (2014). Heat shock protein 70 down-regulates the production of toll-like receptor-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines by a heat shock factor-1/constitutive heat shock element-binding factor-dependent mechanism. Journal of Inflammation, 11(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-9255-11-19
Gröpel, P., Urner, M., Pruessner, J. C., & Quirin, M. (2018). Endurance-and resistance-trained men exhibit lower cardiovascular responses to psychosocial stress than untrained men. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 852. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00852
Haskell, W. L., Lee, I.-M., Pate, R. R., Powell, K. E., Blair, S. N., Franklin, B. A., . . . Bauman, A. (2007). Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation, 116(9), 1081. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3180616b27
Heled, Y., Fleischmann, C., & Epstein, Y. (2013). Cytokines and their role in hyperthermia and heat stroke. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 24(2), 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2012-0040
Kraemer, W. J., & Ratamess, N. A. (2005). Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training. Sports Medicine, 35(4), 339-361.
Malek, H., Ebadzadeh, M. M., Safabakhsh, R., Razavi, A., & Zaringhalam, J. (2015). Dynamics of the HPA axis and inflammatory cytokines: insights from mathematical modeling. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 67, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2015.09.018
Martínez-Sobrino, J., Leibar, X., Calleja-González, J., & del Campo-Vecino, J. (2020). Effects of heat on performance in resistance sports in the various intensity-duration domains. Archivos de Medicina del Deporte, 39, 41-49.
Mastorakos, G., Pavlatou, M., Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., & Chrousos, G. P. (2005). Exercise and the stress system. Hormones (Athens), 4(2), 73-89.
Miles, C., Mayo, B., Beaven, C. M., McMaster, D. T., Sims, S. T., Hébert-Losier, K., & Driller, M. (2019). Resistance training in the heat improves strength in professional rugby athletes. Science and Medicine in Football, 3(3), 198-204.
Nieman, D. C., & Wentz, L. M. (2019). The compelling link between physical activity and the body's defense system. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 8(3), 201-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.09.009
Obi, S., Nakajima, T., Hasegawa, T., Kikuchi, H., Oguri, G., Takahashi, M., . . . Toyoda, S. (2017). Heat induces interleukin-6 in skeletal muscle cells via TRPV1/PKC/CREB pathways. Journal of Applied Physiology, 122(3), 683-694. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00139.2016
Petersen, A. M. W., & Pedersen, B. K. (2005). The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 98(4), 1154-1162. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00164.2004
Phillips, M., Flynn, M., McFarlin, B., Stewart, L., Timmerman, K., & Ji, H. (2008). Resistive exercise blunts LPS-stimulated TNF-α and IL-1β. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 29(02), 102-109. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-965115
Phillips, M. D., Flynn, M. G., McFarlin, B. K., Stewart, L. K., & Timmerman, K. L. (2010). Resistance training at eight-repetition maximum reduces the inflammatory milieu in elderly women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Eexercise, 42(2), 314-325.
Presbitero, A., Melnikov, V. R., Krzhizhanovskaya, V. V., & Sloot, P. (2021). A unifying model to estimate the effect of heat stress in the human innate immunity during physical activities. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-96191-0
Scheller, J., Chalaris, A., Schmidt-Arras, D., & Rose-John, S. (2011). The pro-and anti-inflammatory properties of the cytokine interleukin-6. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Cell Research, 1813(5), 878-888.
Starkie, R., Hargreaves, M., Rolland, J., & Febbraio, M. A. (2005). Heat stress, cytokines, and the immune response to exercise. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 19(5), 404-412.
Starkie, R., Rolland, J., Angus, D., Anderson, M., & Febbraio, M. A. (2001). Circulating monocytes are not the source of elevations in plasma IL-6 and TNF-α levels after prolonged running. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, 280(4), C769-C774. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.2001.280.4.C769
Walker, S., Häkkinen, K., Newton, R. U., Markworth, J. F., Pundir, S., Haff, G. G., . . . Blazevich, A. J. (2020). Acute responses of comprehensive gonadosteroids and corticosteroids to resistance exercise before and after 10 weeks of supervised strength training. Experimental Physiology, 105(3), 438-448.
Walsh, N. P., & Whitham, M. (2006). Exercising in environmental extremes. Sports medicine, 36(11), 941-976.
Wang, L., Liu, F., Luo, Y., Zhu, L., & Li, G. (2015). Effect of acute heat stress on adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, interleukin‑2, interleukin‑12 and apoptosis gene expression in rats. Biomedical Reports, 3(3), 425-429.
Weinstock, C., König, D., Harnischmacher, R., Keul, J., Berg, A., & Northoff, H. (1997). Effect of exhaustive exercise stress on the cytokine response. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(3), 345-354.
The works and papers that are published in this Journal are subject to the following terms:
1. The Publication Service of the University of Murcia (the publisher) has the Publication Rights (Copyright) to the published papers and works, and favors and permits the reusing of the same under the license indicated in point 2.
© Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, 2013
2. The papers and works are to be published in the digital edition of the Journal under the license Creative Commons Reconocimiento-No Comercial-Sin Obra Derivada 3.0 España (legal text). The copying, using, spreading, transmitting and publicly displaying of the papers, works or publication are permitted as long as: i) the authors and original sources (Journal, publisher and URL of the publication) are quoted; ii) it is not used for commercial benefit; iii) the existence and specifications of this users license are mentioned.
3. Conditions of Self-Archiving. It is permitted and encouraged that the authors spread electronically the pre-print (before printing) and/or post-print (the revised, evaluated and accepted) versions of their papers or works before their publication since this favors their circulation and early diffusion and therefore can help increase their citation and quotation, and also there reach through the academic community.
The works and papers that are published in this Journal are subject to the following terms:
1. The Publication Service of the University of Murcia (the publisher) has the Publication Rights (Copyright) to the published papers and works, and favors and permits the reusing of the same under the license indicated in point 2.
© Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, 2013
2. The papers and works are to be published in the digital edition of the Journal under the license Creative Commons Reconocimiento-No Comercial-Sin Obra Derivada 3.0 España (legal text). The copying, using, spreading, transmitting and publicly displaying of the papers, works or publication are permitted as long as: i) the authors and original sources (Journal, publisher and URL of the publication) are quoted; ii) it is not used for commercial benefit; iii) the existence and specifications of this users license are mentioned.
3. Conditions of Self-Archiving. It is permitted and encouraged that the authors spread electronically the pre-print (before printing) and/or post-print (the revised, evaluated and accepted) versions of their papers or works before their publication since this favors their circulation and early diffusion and therefore can help increase their citation and quotation, and also there reach through the academic community.
