Effects of a comprehensive warm-up program on performance parameters of elite and sub-elite male skiers
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of a comprehensive warm-up program (FIFA 11+) on performance and injuries in ski athletes. Recent research shows that comprehensive warm-up programs can significantly affect performance and prevent injury. A total of 20 sub-elite (n:10) and elite (n:10) male ski athletes participated in the study. Inclusion criteria for the study were to be in the 18–25 age range and to have participated in international competitions for elite athletes and skiing for at least three years, as well as to be actively continuing their sports life for sub-elite athletes. A comprehensive warm-up program (FIFA 11+) was applied to the athletes three days a week, for eight weeks, before the training. Two measurements were taken from the athletes as pre-test and post-test. In this study, hexagon agility tests, high box tests, balance measurements, and proprioception measurement tests were applied. In the within-group comparisons, there was a statistically significant difference in the hexagon agility test (p = 0.01), proprioception test (p = 0.01), and high box test (p = 0.01). Dynamic right leg balance test (p = 0.01) was significant in the sub-elite athletes, and statistically significant differences were found among elite athletes in hexagon agility (p = 0.01), proprioception test (p = 0.01), high box test (p = 0.01), and the dynamic right leg balance test (p = 0.02). The effects of the FIFA 11+ warm-up protocol on performance parameters and proprioception did not differ between sub-elite and elite athletes.
Downloads
References
Andersen, R. E., Montgomery, D. L. & Turcotte, R. A. (1990). An on-site test battery to evaluate giant slalom skiing performance. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 30, 276–282.
Arslan, S., Engin, D. & Yapali, G. (2017). Comparation of functional movement screen scores of 13 and 17 year old soccer player. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Derg, 1, 112–116.
Ayala, F., Moreno-Pérez, V., Vera-Garcia, F. J., Moya, M., Sanz-Rivas, D. & Fernandez-Fernandez, J. (2016). Acute and time-course effects of traditional and dynamic warm-up routines in young elite junior tennis players. PLoS ONE, 11, e0152790. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152790
Bianco, A., Spedicato, M., Petrucci, M., Messina, G., Thomas, E., Sahin, F. N. & Palma, A. A. (2016). Prospective analysis of the injury incidence of young male professional football players on artificial turf. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 7, e28425. https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.28425
Bilgin, M. (2015). Investigation of application of dynamic stretching on the effects of speed performance of 18–23 year-old-male basketball players. Master’s Thesis, Kocaeli Universitesi, Saglik Bilimleri Enstitusu, Kocaeli, Turkey.
Bishop, D. (2003). Warm up II. Sports Medicine, 33, 483–498.
Bizzini, M. & Dvorak, J. (2015). FIFA 11+: An effective programme to prevent football injuries in various player groups worldwide-a narrative review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49, 577–579. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094765
Brown, S.L. & Wilkinson, J.G. (1983). Characteristics of national, divisional, and club male alpine ski racers. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 15, 491–495.
Byeon, J. K., & Park, S. H. (2018). Muscular Function and Aerobic/Anaerobic Capacity to ACTN-3 Genetic Polymorphism of Roller Speed Skating Athletes. Asian Journal of Coaching Science, 1, 63–76. https://doi.org/10.29426/ajcs.201806_1(2).0002
Can, Y., & Polat, M. (2004). Kayseri ili ilköğretim öğrencilerinde kayak sporuna yönelik fiziksel uygunluk normlarının araştırılması. Erciyes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Derg, 13, 48–54.
Daneshjoo, A., Mokhtar, A. H., Rahnama, N., & Yusof, A. (2012). The Effects of injury prevention warm-up programmes on knee strength in male soccer players. PLoS ONE, 7, e50979. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050979
Demirdağ, B., Öncan, T., & Durak, K. (2004). Uludağ Kayak Merkezi'nde kayakçılarda görülen diz bağ yaralanmalarının değerlendirilmesi. Acta Orthopaedica et Traumatologica Turcica, 38, 313–316.
Dickson, T.J. & Terwiel, F.A. (2021). Head injury and helmet usage trends for alpine skiers and snowboarders in western Canada during the decade 2008–2009 to 2017–2018. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 24, 1004–1009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.01.009
Emery, C. A, & Pasanen, K. (2019). Current trends in sport injury prevention. Best Practice & Research: Clinical Rheumatology, 33, 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2019.02.009
Esmer, O. (2020). Farklı branşlardaki kadın sporcular ile yapılan özel antrenmanların çabukluk ve çeviklik üzerine etkisi. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research, 7, 1068–1072. https://doi.org/10.26450/jshsr.1861
Evans, R. K., Knight, K. L., Draper, D. O., & Parcell, A. C. (2002). Effects of warm-up before eccentric exercise on indirect markers of muscle damage. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 34, 1892–1899.
Gioftsidou, A., Malliou, P., Pafis, G., Beneka, A., Godolias, G., & Maganaris, C. N. (2006). The effects of soccer training and timing of balance training on balance ability. European journal of applied physiology, 96(6), 659-664.
Göktepe, M. & Günay, M. (2016). Genç futbolcularda dinamik ısınmanın, statik denge ve proprioseptif duyuya akut etkisi. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi Spor Bilimleri Derg, 14, 213–224. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000298
Harms, C. A., McClaran, S. R., Nickele, G. A., Pegelow, D. F., Nelson, W. B., & Dempsey, J. A. (2000). Effect of exercise-induced arterial O2 desaturation on VO2max in women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 32, 1101–1108. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200006000-00010
Hewett, T. E., Lindenfelt, T. N., & Riccobene, J. V. (1999). The effect of neuromuscular training on the incidence of knee injury in female athletes. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 27, 699–704. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465990270060301
Hübscher, M., & Refshauge, K. M. (2013). Neuromuscular training strategies for preventing lower limb injuries: what's new and what are the practical implications of what we already know? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47, 939–940. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091253
Irrgang, J. J., Whitney, S. L., & Cox, E. D. (2010). Balance and proprioceptive training for rehabilitation of the lower extremity. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 3, 68–83.
Jerosch, J., Brinkmann, T., & Schneppenheim, M. (2003). The angle velocity reproduction test (AVRT) as sensorimotor function of the glenohumeral complex. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, 123, 151–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-003-0485-0
Lopes, M., Lopes, S., Patinha, T., Araujo, F., Rodrigues, M., Costa, R., & Oliveira, J. (2019). Amatör futsal oyuncularında FIFA 11+'ya Ribeiro, F. Balance ve propriosepsiyon tepkileri: Kısa ve uzun vadeli etkiler. J. Spor Bilimi, 37, 2300–2308.
Ön, B. O., Yıldız, M., & Dündar, Ü. (2020). 8 haftalik step aerobik egzersizlerin diz eklemi izokinetik kuvvet, denge ve yaşam kalitesi üzerine etkisi. Kocatepe Tıp Derg, 21, 82–91. https://doi.org/10.18229/kocatepetip.593889
Paoli, A., Gentil, P., Moro, T., Marcolin, G., & Bianco, A. (2017). Resistance training with single vs, multi-joint exercises at equal total load volume: Effects on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and muscle strength. Frontiers in Physiology, 8, 1105. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.01105
Patti, A., Giustino, V., Cataldi, S., Stoppa, V., Ferrando, F., Marvulli, R., & Fischetti, F. (2022). Effects of 5-week of FIFA 11+ warm-up program on explosive strength, speed, and perception of physical exertion in elite female futsal athletes. Sports, 10(7), 100.
Patti, A., Zangla, D., Sahin, F.N., Cataldi, S., Lavanco, G., Palma, A., & Fischietti, F. (2021). Physical exercise and prevention of falls, Effects of a Pilates training method compared with a general physical activity program: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine, 100, e25289. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000025289
Pomares-Noguera, C., Ayala, F., Robles-Palazón, F. J., Alomoto-Burneo, J. F., López-Valenciano, A., Elvira, J. L., & De Ste Croix, M. (2018). Training effects of the FIFA 11+ kids on physical performance in youth football players: A randomized control trial. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 6, 40. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2018.00040
Raschner, C., Hildebrandt, C., Mohr, J., & Müller, L. (2017). Sex Differences in Balance Among Alpine Ski Racers: Cross-Sectional Age Comparisons. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 124, 1134–1150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512517730730
Richards, J. C., McKenzie, D. C., Warburton, D. E. & Sheel, A. W. (2004). Prevalence of exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia in healthy women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36, 1514–1521. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000139898.30804.60
Sahin, N., Gurses, V. V., Baydil, B., Akgul, M. S., Feka, K., Iovane, A., & Messina, G. (2018). The effect of comprehensive warm up (FIFA 11+ program) on motor abilities in young basketball players: A pilot study. Acta Medica, 34, 703. https://doi.org/10.19193/0393-6384_2018_3_108.
Sandrey, M. A., & Kent, T. E. (2008). The effects of eversion fatigue on frontal plane joint position sense in the ankle. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 17, 257–268.
Silva, L. M., Neiva, H. P., Marques, M. C., Izquierdo, M., & Marinho, D. A. (2018). Effects of warm-up, post-warm-up, and re-warm-up strategies on explosive efforts in team sports: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 48, 2285–2299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0958-5
Silvers-Granelli, H.J., Bizzini, M., Arundale, A., Mandelbaum, B.R. & Snyder-Mackler, L. (2017). Does the FIFA 11+ injury prevention program reduce the incidence of ACL injury in male soccer players? Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 475, 2447–2455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-017-5342-5
Soligard, T., Myklebust, G., Steffen, K., Holme, I., Silvers, H., Bizzini, M., & Andersen, T. E. (2008). Comprehensive warm-up programme to prevent injuries in young female footballers: Cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 337, a2469. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2469
Sugimoto, D., Alentorn-Geli, E., Mendiguchía, J., Samuelsson, K., Karlsson, J. & Myer, G. D. (2015). Biomechanical and neuromuscular characteristics of male athletes: Implications for the development of anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention programs. Sports Medicine, 45, 809–822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0311-1
Sulheim, S., Ekeland, A. & Bahr, R. (20007). Self-estimation of ability among skiers and snowboarders in alpine skiing resorts. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 15, 665–670.
Trajkoviç, N., Gusiç, M., Molnar, S., Maçak, D., Madic, D. M., Bogataj, S., & Vadeli, K. (2020). FIFA 11+ Genç Futbolcularda Çevikliği ve Sıçrama Performansını Artırıyor. Int. J. Çevre. Araş. Halk Sağlığı, 17, 2017.
Vitale, J. A., La Torre, A., Banfi, G., & Bonato, M. (2018). Effects of an 8-week body-weight neuromuscular training on dynamic balance and vertical jump performances in elite junior skiing athletes: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32, 911–920. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002478
Yılmaz, E., Özen, G., & Koç, H. (2018). Evaluation of alpine skiing injuries in terms of personal precautions: Erciyes Sample. Spor Hekimligi Dergisi: Turkish Journal of Sports Medicine, 53, 9–16. https://doi.org/10.5152/tjsm.2018.085
Zarei, M., Abbasi, H., Daneshjoo, A., Barghi, T. S., Rommers, N., Faude, Ö., & Rossler, R. (2018). 11+ ısınma yaralanmasını önleme programının ergen erkek futbolcularda fiziksel performans üzerindeki uzun vadeli etkileri: Bir küme randomize kontrollü çalışma. J. Spor Bilimi., 36, 2447–2454.
The works and papers that are published in this Journal are subject to the following terms:
1. The Publication Service of the University of Murcia (the publisher) has the Publication Rights (Copyright) to the published papers and works, and favors and permits the reusing of the same under the license indicated in point 2.
© Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, 2013
2. The papers and works are to be published in the digital edition of the Journal under the license Creative Commons Reconocimiento-No Comercial-Sin Obra Derivada 3.0 España (legal text). The copying, using, spreading, transmitting and publicly displaying of the papers, works or publication are permitted as long as: i) the authors and original sources (Journal, publisher and URL of the publication) are quoted; ii) it is not used for commercial benefit; iii) the existence and specifications of this users license are mentioned.
3. Conditions of Self-Archiving. It is permitted and encouraged that the authors spread electronically the pre-print (before printing) and/or post-print (the revised, evaluated and accepted) versions of their papers or works before their publication since this favors their circulation and early diffusion and therefore can help increase their citation and quotation, and also there reach through the academic community.
The works and papers that are published in this Journal are subject to the following terms:
1. The Publication Service of the University of Murcia (the publisher) has the Publication Rights (Copyright) to the published papers and works, and favors and permits the reusing of the same under the license indicated in point 2.
© Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, 2013
2. The papers and works are to be published in the digital edition of the Journal under the license Creative Commons Reconocimiento-No Comercial-Sin Obra Derivada 3.0 España (legal text). The copying, using, spreading, transmitting and publicly displaying of the papers, works or publication are permitted as long as: i) the authors and original sources (Journal, publisher and URL of the publication) are quoted; ii) it is not used for commercial benefit; iii) the existence and specifications of this users license are mentioned.
3. Conditions of Self-Archiving. It is permitted and encouraged that the authors spread electronically the pre-print (before printing) and/or post-print (the revised, evaluated and accepted) versions of their papers or works before their publication since this favors their circulation and early diffusion and therefore can help increase their citation and quotation, and also there reach through the academic community.
