Lexical Availability in CLIL
Differences in Language of Instruction
Abstract
Within the context of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL), vocabulary acquisition is of central importance. However, while CLIL is increasingly being implemented throughout Spain, there remains a clear preference, both in practice and research, for using English over other languages such as French. This study thus investigates the token production of Spanish students taking both English and French CLIL classes by means of a lexical availability task. It aims to determine if there are quantitative differences between the learners’ language level and token production in English and French, and whether these differences exist across grades. Results indicate that learners have higher proficiency and produce more words in English, and that CLIL instruction has a clear impact on learners’ production across grades. The results are of key interest to multilingual CLIL educators seeking to make the most of vocabulary gains in multiple languages.
Downloads
References
Agustín Llach, M. P., & Fernández Fontecha, A. (2014). Lexical variation in learners’ responses to cue words: The effect of gender. In R. M. Jiménez Catalán (Ed.), Lexical availability in English and Spanish as a second language (pp. 69-81). Springer.
Alejo González, R., & Piquer Píriz, A. M. (2016). Measuring the productive vocabulary of secondary school CLIL students: Is Lex30 a valid test for low-level school learners? Vigo International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 13, 31-54.
Alejo-González, R., Lucero, M., Schleppegrell, M., & Sánchez, A. (2021). Student-teacher interaction in CLIL and non-CLIL elementary education: A case study of verbal-pedagogical strategies and participation during read alouds in a Natural Science classroom. Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language Education. https://doi.org/10.1075/jicb.21005.ale
Barcroft, J. (2004). Second language vocabulary acquisition: A lexical input processing approach. Foreign Language Annals, 37(2), 200-208.
Baten, K., van Hiel, S., & de Cuypere, L. (2020). Vocabulary development in a CLIL context: A comparison between French and English L2. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 10(2), 307-336.
Canga Alonso, A. (2017). Spanish L1 speakers’ and EFL learners’ available lexicon. Anuario de estudios filológicos, 40, 5-23.
Cenoz, J., Genesee, F., & Gorter, D. (2014). Critical analysis of CLIL: Taking stock and looking forward. Applied Linguistics, 35(3), 243-262.
Daller, H., & Phelan, D. (2006). The C-test and TOEIC® as measures of students’ progress in intensive short courses in EFL. In R. Grotjahn (Ed.), Der C-Test: Theorie, Empirie, Anwendungen/The C-Test: Theory, empirical research, applications (pp. 101-119). Peter Lang.
Daller, H., van Hout, R., & Daller-Treffers, J. (2003). Lexical richness in the spontaneous speech of bilinguals. Applied Linguistics, 24, 197-222.
Dalton-Puffer, C. (2008). Outcomes and processes in content and language integrated learning (CLIL): Current research from Europe. In W. Delanoy & L. Volkmann (Eds.), Future perspectives for English language teaching (pp. 139-157). Carl Winter.
---. (2011). Content-and-language integrated learning: From practice to principles? Annual Review of applied linguistics, 31, 182-204.
Dalton-Puffer, C., Nikula, T., & Smit, U. (2010). Language use and language learning in CLIL classrooms: Current findings and contentious issues. John Benjamins.
Eurydice (2006). Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) at School in Europe. European Commission.
Fernández Fontecha, A. (2015). Motivation and vocabulary breadth in CLIL and EFL contexts. Different age, same time of exposure. Complutense Journal of English Studies, 23, 79-96.
Fernández Orío, S., & Jiménez Catalán, R. M. (2015). Lexical availability of EFL learners at the end of Spanish Secondary Education: The effect of language program and prompt. ES Revista de Filología Inglesa, 36, 103-127.
Ferreira, R. A., Garrido Moscoso, J. I., & Guerra Rivera, A. (2019). Predictors of lexical availability in English as a second language. Onomázein, 46, 18-34.
Geoghegan, L. (2024). Language Learning Motivation in Multilingual CLIL. Porta Linguarum: Revista Internacional de Didáctica de las Lenguas Extranjeras, 41, 137-151. https://doi.org/10.30827/portalin.vi41.26620
Geoghegan, L. & Agustín-Llach, M. P. (2023). Theoretical Exploration of The Lexical Availability Task as A Tool for The Selection of Vocabulary to Be Taught in Class. International Journal of TESOL Studies, 5(2) 5-18. https://doi.org/10.58304/ijts.20230202
Goris, J. A., Denessen, E. J. P. G., & Verhoeven, L. T. W. (2019). Effects of content and language integrated learning in Europe A systematic review of longitudinal experimental studies. European Educational Research Journal, 18(6), 675-698.
Grujić, T., & Danilović, J. (2012). The Value of C-Tests in English Language Testing and Teaching. Paper presented at Multidisciplinary Conferences Language, literature, values. Faculty of Philosophy, University of Niš, Serbia, April.
Hernández-Muñoz, N., Izura, C., & Ellis, A. W. (2006). Cognitive aspects of lexical availability. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 18(5), 730-755.
Jiménez Catalán, R. M., & Agustín Llach, M. P. (2017). CLIL or time? Lexical profiles of CLIL and non-CLIL EFL learners. System, 66, 87-99.
Jiménez Catalán, R. M., & Fitzpatrick, T. (2014). Frequency profiles of EFL learners’ lexical availability. In R. M. Jiménez Catalán (Ed.), Lexical Availability in English and Spanish as a Second Language (pp. 83-100). Springer.
Jiménez Catalán, R. M., & Ojeda Alba, J. (2009). Disponibilidad léxica en inglés como lengua extranjera en dos tipos de instrucción. Lenguaje y Textos, 30, 167-176.
Lasagabaster, D., & López Beloqui, R. (2015). The impact of type of approach (CLIL versus EFL) and methodology (book-based versus project work) on motivation. Porta Linguarum: Revista Internacional de Didáctica de las Lenguas Extranjeras, 23, 41-57.
Lo, Y., & Macaro, E. (2015). Getting used to content and language integrated learning: What can classroom interaction reveal? The Language Learning Journal, 43(3), 1-17.
Matiasek, S. (2005). English as the language of instruction in Austrian chemistry lessons: Instances of explicit language teaching. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Vienna, Austria.
McManus, K. (2011). The development of aspect in a second language. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Newcastle University, England.
Merikivi, R., & Pietilä, P. (2014). Vocabulary in CLIL and in mainstream education. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 5(3), 487.
Merino, J. A., & Lasagabaster, D. (2018). CLIL as a way to multilingualism. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 21(1), 79-92.
Neilson Parada, M. (2016). Lexical Availability in Diaspora Spanish: A Crossgenerational Analysis of Chilean Swedes. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
Nikula, T. (2010). Effects of CLIL on a teacher’s classroom language use. In C. Dalton-Puffer, T. Nikula, & U. Smit (Eds.), Language use and language learning in CLIL classrooms (pp. 105-124). John Benjamins.
Pérez, A., Lorenzo, F., & Pavón, V. (2016). European bilingual models beyond linguafranca: key findings from CLIL French programs. Language policy, 15(4), 485-504.
Rodríguez Bonces, J. (2012). Content and language integrated learning (CLIL): Considerations in the Colombian context. GIST: Education and Learning Research Journal, 6, 177-189.
Ruiz de Zarobe, Y., & Lasagabaster, D. (2010). Introduction. In Y. Ruiz de Zarobe & D. Lasagabaster (Eds.), CLIL in Spain: Implementation, results and teacher training (pp. ix-xvii). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Samper Hernández, M. & Jiménez Catalán, R. M. (2014). Researching lexical availability in L2: Some methodological issues. In R. M. Jiménez Catalán (Ed.), Lexical availability in English and Spanish as a second language (pp. 189-205). Springer.
San Isidro, X. (2018). Innovations and challenges in CLIL implementation in Europe. Theory into Practice, 57(3), 185-195.
Sandu, B. M., & Konstantinidi, K. (2021). Impact of overseas experience on lexical availability in english and spanish as foreign languages. In A. B. Barragán Martín, M. M. Molero Jurado, Á. Martos Martíne, M. M. Simón Márquez, J. J. Gázquez Linares, M. C. Pérez Fuentes (Eds.), Innovación docente e investigación en arte y humanidades: nuevos enfoques en la metodología docente (pp. 1049-1058). Dykinson.
Santos Díaz, I. C. (2017). Selección del léxico disponible: propuesta metodológica con fines didácticos. Porta Linguarum: Revista Internacional de Didáctica de las Lenguas Extranjeras, 27, 122-139.
Saville-Troike, M., & Barto, K. (2017). Introducing Second Language Acquisition. (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Šifrar Kalan, M. (2014). Slovene students’ lexical availability in English and Spanish. In R. M. Jiménez Catalán (Ed.), Lexical Availability in English and Spanish as a Second Language (pp. 125-138). Springer.
Sylvén, L. K. (2019). Extramural English. In L. K. Sylvén (Ed.), Investigating Content and Language Integrated Learning: Insights from Swedish High Schools (pp.152-167). Multilingual Matters.
Tabuenca Cuevas, M. F., & Alcaraz Mármol, G. (2014). From EFL to CLIL teaching and learning vocabulary in the primary classroom. In J. R. Calvo-Ferrer & M. A. Campos-Pardillos (Eds.), Investigating lexis vocabulary teaching, ESP, lexicography and lexical innovation (pp. 27-37). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
van Ginkel, C. I., & van der Linden, E. H. (1996). Word associations in foreign language learning and foreign language loss. In K. Sajavaara & C. Fairweather (Eds.), Approaches to second language acquisition (pp. 25-35). University of Jyväskylä.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The works published in this journal are subject to the following terms:
1. The Publications Services at the University of Murcia (the publisher) retains the property rights (copyright) of published works, and encourages and enables the reuse of the same under the license specified in item 2.
2. The works are published in the electronic edition of the magazine under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial Share Alike 4.0.
3.Conditions of self-archiving. Authors are encouraged to disseminate pre-print (draft papers prior to being assessed) and/or post-print versions (those reviewed and accepted for publication) of their papers before publication, because it encourages distribution earlier and thus leads to a possible increase in citations and circulation among the academic community.
RoMEO color: green