El burnout en el cielo: un estudio exploratorio de los perfiles de los pilotos y variables psicosociales relacionadas
Agencias de apoyo
- The project called "Psychosocial determinants of stress and burn-out in professionals with high work demands and/or emotional demand" from which this article arises, as well as the data collec-tion, were awarded in the XII Call for Scholarships in R&D in Pre-vention of Occupational Risks (2018) of the Prevent Foundation (Spain). The main researcher of the granted project is Esther Cuadrado.
Resumen
El agotamiento es una preocupación en cualquier profesión, pero es especialmente frecuente en trabajos físicamente exigentes y de alta responsabilidad, como la aviación. Tomando como marco las teorías multidimensionales que identifican tres elementos de burnout (agotamiento emocional, cinismo y disminución de la eficacia profesional), y considerando estudios previos que sugieren que las personas que sufren burnout no forman un grupo homogéneo, este trabajo tiene como objetivo identificar perfiles que reflejen subtipos de burnout en los pilotos, y comprender cómo difieren en función de ciertas variables de interés. A través de un estudio transversal con muestreo no probabilístico, 164 pilotos de avión (edad media = 39.31, DT = 10.4; 92.1% hombres) respondieron a un cuestionario. El análisis de conglomerados en dos etapas arrojó tres perfiles de pilotos: los comprometidos, los ineficaces y los que experimentan agotamiento. El análisis comparativo por grupos mostró que a) un mayor porcentaje de mujeres pilotos se ajustó al perfil de burnout en comparación con los hombres, b), se produjo una relación curvilínea entre la edad, el agotamiento y los perfiles comprometidos, de modo que los pilotos de mediana edad asumieron con mayor frecuencia el perfil de agotamiento y los pilotos mayores el perfil comprometido, y c), los niveles más altos de resiliencia, positividad y seguridad, y menos estrés y menos accidentes laborales explicaron el perfil comprometido con más frecuencia que el perfil de agotamiento. Además, no se encontraron diferencias entre el perfil ineficaz y el perfil de burnout en los niveles de resiliencia, positividad, seguridad o el número de accidentes laborales. Estos hallazgos revelan la necesidad de prestar atención no solo a los pilotos que se ajustan al perfil de burnout, sino también a aquellos que coinciden con el perfil ineficaz.
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