Character strengths as protective factors against engagement in sexting in adolescence
Abstract
Sexting is a new kind of sexual interaction among adolescents that has been linked to both psychological problems and sexual risk behaviors. Although studies have examined the relationship between sexting and personality traits, its possible association with character strengths remains unexplored. The aim of this study was to analyze which character strengths may function as protective factors against engagement in sexting, controlling for other variables that might influence this relationship. Adolescents completed questionnaires about technological resources, active sexting, and character strengths. The results from hierarchical regression showed that active sexting was positively related to the strengths of curiosity and humor and negatively related to fairness and authenticity. These findings suggest that school- or family-based programs aimed at preventing sexting should include specific activities that encourage a positive use of curiosity and humor and which seek to promote honesty, respect, fairness, and responsibility in the use of technology for interpersonal relationships
Downloads
References
Alonso, C., & Romero, E. (2019). Sexting behaviours in adolescents. Personality predictors and psychosocial outcomes in a one-year follow-up. Anales de Psicología, 35, 214-224. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.35.2.339831
Barrense-Dias, Y., Berchotold, A., Surís, J., & Akre, C. (2017). Sexting and the definition Issue. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61, 544-554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.05.009
Baumgartner, S., Sumter, S., Peter, J., Valkenburg, P., & Livingstone, S. (2014). Does country context matter? Investigating the predictors of teen sexting across Europe. Computers in Human Behavior, 34, 157-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.041
Blanca, M. J., Ferragut, M., Ortiz-Tallo, M., & Bendayan, R. (2018). Life Satisfaction and character strengths in Spanish early adolescents. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19, 1247-1260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9865-y
Bromley, E., Johnson, J. G., & Cohen, P. (2006). Personality strengths in adolescence and decreased risk of developing mental health problems in early adulthood. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47, 315–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2005.11.003
Campbell, S., & Park, Y. (2014). Predictors of mobile sexting among teens: Toward a new explanatory framework. Mobile Media & Communication, 2, 20-39. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157913502645
Chacón-López, H., Romero, J., Aragón, Y., & Caurcel, M. (2016). Construcción y validación de la Escala de Conductas sobre sexting (ECS). Revista Española de Orientación y Psicopedagogía, 27, 99-115. https://doi.org/10.5944/reop.vol.27.num.2.2016.17116
Charnigo, R., Noar, S., Garnett, C., Crosby, R., Palmgreen, P., & Zimmerman, R. (2013). Sensation Seeking and Impulsivity: Combined Associations with Risky Sexual Behavior in a Large Sample of Young Adults. Journal of Sex Research, 50, 480-488. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2011.652264
Choi, S. W., Kim, D. J., Choi, J. S., Ahn, H., Choi, E. J., Song, W. Y., Kim, S., & Youn, H. (2015). Comparison of risk and protective factors associated with smartphone addiction and Internet addiction. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4, 308-314. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.043
Cruz, L. & Soriano, E. (2014). Psychological aspects, attitudes and behaviour related to the practice of sexting: A systematic review of the existent literature. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 132, 114-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.286
Dake, J., Price, J., Maziarz, L., & Ward, B. (2012). Prevalence and correlates of sexting behavior in adolescents. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 7, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/15546128.2012.650959
Delevi, R. & Weisskirch, R. (2013). Personality factors as predictors of sexting. Computers in Human Behaviors, 29, 2589–2594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.06.003
Dir, A., Cyders, M., & Coskunpinar, A. (2013). From the bar to the bed via mobile phone: A first test of the role of problematic alcohol use, sexting, and impulsivity-related traits in sexual hook-ups. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 1664–1670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.039
Drouin, M. & Landgraff, C. (2012). Texting, sexting and attachment in college student’s romantic relationships. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 444-449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.10.015
Ferguson, C. (2011). Sexting Behaviors Among Young Hispanic Women: Incidence and Association with Other High-risk Sexual Behaviors. Psychiatric Quarterly, 82, 239–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-010-9165-8
Ferragut, M., Blanca, M. J., & Ortiz-Tallo, M. (2013). Psychological values as protective factors against sexist attitudes in preadolescents. Psicothema, 25, 38–42. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2012.85
Ferragut, M., Blanca, M. J., & Ortiz-Tallo, M. (2014a). Psychological virtues during adolescence: A longitudinal study of gender differences. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 11, 521-531. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2013.876403
Ferragut, M., Blanca, M. J., & Ortiz-Tallo, M. (2014b). Analysis of adolescent profiles by gender: strengths, attitudes toward violence and sexism. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 17, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2014.60
Gámez-Guadix, M. P., De Santisteban, P., & Resett, S. (2017). Sexting among Spanish Adolescents: Prevalence and Personality Profiles. Psicothema 29, 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2010.536773
Gillham, J., Adams-Deutsch, Z., Werner, J., Reivich, K., Coulter-Heindl, V., Linkins, M., Winder, B., Peterson, C., Park, N., Abenavoli, R., Contero, A., & Seligman, M. (2011). Character strengths predict subjective well-being during adolescence. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 6, 31-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2010.536773
Giménez M. (2010). La medida de las fortalezas psicológicas en adolescentes (VIA-Youth): Relación con clima familiar, psicopatología y bienestar psicológico [Measurement of psychological strengths in adolescents (VIA-Youth): Relationship to family atmosphere, psychopathology and psychological well-being]. Doctoral dissertation. Madrid: Universidad Complutense.
Gregg, D., Somers, C.L., Pernice, F., Hillman, S.B., & Kernsmith, P.C. (2018). Sexting rates and predictors from an urban midwest high school. Journal of School Health, 88, 423-433. https://doi.org./10.1111/josh.12628
Kashdan, T., Rose, P., & Finchman, F. (2004). Curiosity and exploration: Facilitating positive subjective experiences and personal growth opportunities. Journal of Personality Assessment, 82, 291-305. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8203_05
Klettke, B., Hallford, D., & Mellor, D. (2014). Sexting prevalence and correlates: A systematic literature review. Clinical Psychology Review, 34, 44-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.10.007
Kopecký, K. (2012). Sexting among Czech preadolescents and adolescents. The New Educational Review, 28, 39-48.
Kopecký, K. (2015). Sexting among Slovak pubescents and adolescent Children. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 203, 244-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.08.289
Korenis, P. & Billick, S. B. (2014). Forensic Implications: Adolescent Sexting and Cyberbullying. Psychiatric Quarterly 85, 97–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-013-9277-z
Lippman, J.R. & Campbell, S.W. (2014). Damned if you do, damned if you don´t…if you are a girl: Relational and Normative Contexts of Adolescent Sexting in the United States. Journal of Children and Media, 8, 71-386. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2014.923009
Livingstone, S. & Görzig, A. (2014). When adolescents receive sexual messages on the internet: Explaining experiences of risk and harm. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.12.021
Ma, M., Kibler, J.L., Dollar, K. M., Sly, K., Samuels, D., Benford, M. W., Coleman, M., Lott, L., Patterson, K., & Wiley, F. (2008). The relationship of character strengths to sexual behaviors and related risks among African American adolescents. International Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 15, 319-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802365573
Michaud, P. & Free, C. (2017). Alice in wonderland: Adolescents and digital technologies. In A. Cherry, V. Baltag, & M. Dillon (Eds.). International Handbook on Adolescent Health and Development (pp. 397-409). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40743-2_20
Morelli, M., Bianchi, D., Baiocco, R. Pezzuti, L., & Chirumbolo, A. (2016a). Sexting behaviors and cyber pornography addiction among adolescents: The moderating role of alcohol consumption. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 14, 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40743-2_20
Morelli, M., Bianchi, D., Baiocco, R., Pezzuti, L., & Chirumbolo, A. (2016b). Sexting, psychological distress and dating violence among adolescents and young adults. Psicothema 28, 137-142. http://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2015.193
Mori, C., Temple, J., Browne, D. & Madigan, S. (2019). Association of sexting with sexual behaviors and mental health among adolescents. A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 173, 770-779. http://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1658
Ovejero, M.M., Cardenal, V., & Ortiz-Tallo, M. (2016). Fortalezas Humanas y Bienestar Biopsicosocial: Revisión sistemática [Character strengths and biopsychosocial well-being: A systematic review]. Escritos de Psicología, 9, 4-14. https://doi.org/10.5231/psy.writ.2016.2311https://doi.org/10.5231/psy.writ.2016.2311
Park, N. (2004). Character strengths and positive youth development. American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591, 40– 54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716203260079
Park, N. & Peterson, C. (2006). Moral competence and character strengths among adolescents: The development and validation of the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths for Youth. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 891–909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.04.011
Park, N. & Peterson, C. (2008). Positive psychology and character strengths: Application to strengths-based school counseling. Professional School Counseling, 12, 85–92. https://doi.org/10.5330/PSC.n.2010-12.85
Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M.E.P. (2004). Strengths of character and well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 603–619. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.5.603.50748
Peterson, C., Park, N., & Seligman, M.E.P. (2006). Greater strengths of character and recovery from illness. Journal of Positive Psychology, 1, 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760500372739
Peterson, C. & Seligman, M.E.P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association and Oxford University Press.
Proctor, C., Tsukayama, E., Wood, A.M., Maltby, J., Eades, J.F., & Linley, P.A. (2011). Strengths gym: The impact of a character strengths-based intervention on the life satisfaction and well-being of adolescents. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 6, 377–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2011.594079
Reid, D. & Weigle, P. (2014). Social media use among adolescents: Benefits and risks. Adolescent Psychiatry, 4, 73-80. https://doi.org/10.2174/221067660402140709115810
Reyes, S. & Ferragut, M. (2016). Fortalezas psicológicas y diferencias de sexo en adolescentes [Character strengths and sex differences in adolescents]. Escritos de Psicología, 9, 28-36. https://doi.org/10.5231/psy.writ.2016.2811
Rice, E., Gibbs, J., Winetrobe, H., Rhoades, H., Plant, A., Montoya, J., & Kordic, T. (2014). Sexting and sexual behavior among middle school students. Pediatrics 134, 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2991
Ringrose, J., Gill, R., Livingstone, S., & Harvey, L. (2012). A qualitative study of children, young people and 'sexting': A report prepared for the NSPCC. National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, London, UK. Available at: https://bit.ly/2NQ1PNj
Ševčíková, A. 2016. Girls and boys experience with teen sexting in early and late adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 51, 156-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.06.007
Strassberg, D., Cann, D., & Velarde, V. (2017). Sexting by high school students. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46, 1667-1672. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0926-9
Strassberg, D. S., McKinnon, R. K., Sustaíta, M. A., & Rullo, J. (2013). Sexting by high school students: An exploratory and descriptive study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 15-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-9969-8
Temple, J. R. & Choi, H. (2014). Longitudinal association between teen sexting and sexual behavior. Pediatrics, 134, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-1974
Temple, J. R., Le, V. D., Van Den Berg, P., Ling, Y., Paul, J. A., & Temple, B.W. (2014). Brief report: teen sexting and psychosocial health. Journal of Adolescence, 37, 33-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.10.008
Toner, E., Haslam, N., Robinson, J., & Williams, P. (2012). Character strengths and wellbeing in adolescence: Structure and correlates of the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths for Children. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 637–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.12.014
Van Ouytsel, J., Van Gool, E., Ponnet, K., & Walrave, M. (2014). Brief report: The association between adolescents' characteristics and engagement in sexting. Journal of Adolescence 37, 1387-1391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.10.004
Van Ouytsel, J. E., Van Gool, E. Walrave, M. Ponnet, K., & Peeters, E.. (2016). Sexting: Adolescents’ perceptions of the applications used for, motives for, and consequences of sexting. Journal of Youth Studies, 123, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2016.1241865
Vázquez, C. & Hervás, G. (2007). Adaptación española del Cuestionario VIA de Fortalezas para niños [Spanish adaptation of the VIA Inventory of Strengths for Children]. Retrieved from: http://www.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu/Default.aspx.
Wagner, L. (2019). Good character is what we look for in a friend: Character strengths are positively related to peer acceptance and friendship quality in early adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 39, 864 –903. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431618791286
Weber, M. & Ruch, W. (2012). The role of a good character in 12-year-old school children: Do character strengths matter in the classroom? Child Indicators Research, 5, 317–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-011-9128-0
Ybarra, M. & Mitchell, K. (2014). “Sexting” and its relation to sexual activity and sexual risk behavior in a national survey of adolescents. Journal of Adolescence Health, 55, 757-764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.07.012
Yépez-Tito, P., Ferragut, M., & Blanca, M. J. (2018). Prevalence and profile of sexting among adolescents in Ecuador. Journal of Youth Studies, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2018.1515475
Zuckerman, M. (1994). Behavioral expressions and biosocial bases of sensation seeking. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Copyright (c) 2021 Servicio de Publicaciones, University of Murcia (Spain)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The works published in this journal are subject to the following terms:
1. The Publications Service of the University of Murcia (the publisher) retains the property rights (copyright) of published works, and encourages and enables the reuse of the same under the license specified in paragraph 2.
© Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, 2022
2. The works are published in the online edition of the journal under a Creative Commons Reconocimiento-CompartirIgual 4.0 (legal text). You can copy, use, distribute, transmit and publicly display, provided that: i) you cite the author and the original source of publication (journal, editorial and URL of the work), ii) are not used for commercial purposes, iii ) mentions the existence and specifications of this license.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
3. Conditions of self-archiving. Is allowed and encouraged the authors to disseminate electronically pre-print versions (version before being evaluated and sent to the journal) and / or post-print (version reviewed and accepted for publication) of their works before publication, as it encourages its earliest circulation and diffusion and thus a possible increase in its citation and scope between the academic community. RoMEO Color: Green.