The international law principle of due diligence and its application to the cyber context
Abstract
This article analyses the application of the principle of due diligence in international law to the cyber context. To this end, the article first describes the main elements of this principle in the current cyber context, which is marked by the growing threat posed by cyber-attacks. The article then analyses the legal nature of the principle and its application to the cyber domain in the light of the international practice of states and international organisations, and concludes with a series of considerations on its current full validity as a legal obligation and its possible future development.
Downloads
References
BOGDANOVA, I., & VÁSQUEZ CALLO-MÜLLER, M., “Unilateral Cyber Sanctions: Between Questioned Legality and Normative Value”, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 54, No. 4, 2021, at page 943.
BOOTHBY, WH, "Cyber Capabilities", in BOOTHBY, WH (ed.), New Technologies and the Law in War and Peace, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2018, p. 89.
CERVELL HORTAL, M.J., La legítima defensa en el derecho internacional contemporáneo: (nuevos tiempos, nuevos actores, nuevos retos), Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia, 2017, p. 128.
COCO, A. & DIAS, T. “‘Cyber Due Diligence’: A Patchwork of Protective Obligations in International Law, European Journal of International Law, Volume 32, Issue 3, August 2021, Pages 771–806, at p. 806.
DELERUE, F., Cyber operations and international law, Cambridge University Press, 2020, p. 356.
GAUTIER, L. (Preface), Stratégie nationale de la cyberdéfense, Economica, Paris, 2018, p. 102.
GROTIUS, H., De Jure Belli Ac Pacis 1646, translated by KELSEY F. W., William Hein & Co, New York, 1995.
GUTIÉRREZ ESPADA, C., "La creciente necesidad de legislación contra las amenazas cibernéticas, fuentes de graves daños transnacionales", Cuadernos de Derecho Transnacional (Octubre 2022), Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 10-46, at pp. 11 and 15.
GUTIERREZ ESPADA, C., La Responsabilidad Internacional por el uso de la fuerza en el ciberespacio, Aranzadi, Cizur menor, 2020.
MIADZVETSKAYA, Y. and WESSEL, R.A., "The Externalisation of the EU's Cybersecurity Regime: The Cyber Diplomacy Toolbox", European Papers, Vol. 7, 2021, No 1, pp. 413-438, p. 413.
MONNHEIMER, M., Due Diligence Obligations in International Human Rights Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2021, p. 80.
national Law.”)”, available at https://www.ejiltalk.org/israels-perspective-on-key-legal-and-practical-issues-concerning-the-application-of-international-law-to-cyber-operations/
OKWORI, E.O., “The Obligation of Due Diligence and Cyber-Attacks: Bridging the Gap Between Universal and Differential Approaches for States”, in DESTA, Y., HAILU, M. (eds) Ethiopian Yearbook of International Law, vol 2018, Springer, at pp. 205–242, p. 209.
ORRICO SANDRIN, P., and RIBEIRO HOFFMANN, A., 'Silences and hierarchies in European Union Public Diplomacy', Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, Vol 61, 1 (2018), pp. 1-18.
PANTIN URDANETA, S., “EU Cyber sanctions and Cyber norms”, in directionsblog.eu, available at https://directionsblog.eu/eu-cyber-sanctions-and-cyber-norms/
PAWLAK, P. and BIERSTEKER, T. (eds.), Guardian of the Galaxy, EU cyber sanctions and norms in cyberspace, Chaillot Paper 155, European Union Institute for Security Studies, 2019, p. 66.
REHRL, J., Handbook on Cybersecurity The Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union, Federal Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Austria, Viena, 2018, p. 31.
SEGURA SERRANO, A. El desafío de la ciberseguridad global, Aranzadi, Cizur menor, 2023
SCHMITT, M.N. (general editor), Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2017, p. 30.
SCHONDORF, R., “Israel’s perspective on Key Legal and Practical Issues Concerning the Application of International Law to Cyber Operations (Transcript of the keynote speech delivered at the Stockton Center for International Law, U.S. Naval War College.
Copyright (c) 2024 Annals of Law
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The journal is object of publication in electronic and printed form. With the object of the first one, the author is supposed aware, being presumed that he lends his consent to such form of publication by the circumstance of presenting his manuscript. At the time of the printed edition the author will receive, of free form, 25 offprints of his contribution.