Care for unaccompanied foreign minors victims of trafficking in Spain from a comparative perspective

Authors

DOI: https://doi.org/10.6018/analesderecho.522551
Keywords: child trafficking, unaccompanied foreign minors, victim-centred approach, protocols for victim assistance

Abstract

The profile of trafficking victims in human beings has been gradually changing, with more and more children being identified as opposed to the hegemonic majority of adult women. The unprotected position in which child victims find themselves, especially in the case of foreigners who are not accompanied by their parents or legal guardians, poses a complex situation that any victim-centred approach to this criminal phenomenon is obliged to address. With the aim of contributing to the establishment of strategies to adequately identify and assist unaccompanied foreign minors who are victims of trafficking, this paper has carried out a documentary analysis of the protocols approved in this regard in Spain, as well as in five other European countries —the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy and Portugal— for this purpose since Directive 2011/36/EU came into force, from which to draw proposals for improvement.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

APRAMP, Guía de intervención con víctimas de trata para ayuntamientos y trabajadores/as sociales, 2017. Disponible en: https://apramp.org/download/guia-de-intervencion-con-victimas-de-trata-para-ayuntamientos-y-trabajadores-as-sociales-ed-2020/

CLARK, I., “Beyond the Great Divide: Globalization and the Theory of International Relations”, Review of International Studies 24(4), 1998, pp. 479-498.

COMITÉ DE LOS DERECHOS DEL NIÑO, Observación General no 5. Tratado de los menores no acompañados y separados de su familia fuera de su país de origen, 2005. Disponible en: https://www.acnur.org/fileadmin/Documentos/BDL/2005/3886.pdf

CUNHA, A., GONÇALVES, M. y MATOS, M., “Knowledge of Trafficking in Human Beings among Portuguese Social Services and Justice Professionals”, European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 25(4), 2019, pp. 469-488.

DEFENSOR DEL PUEBLO, ¿Menores o adultos?: procedimientos para la determinación de la edad, 2011. Disponible en: https://www.defensordelpueblo.es/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/2011-09-Menores-o-Adultos-Procedimientos-para-la-determinaci%C3%B3n-de-la-edad1.pdf

DEFENSOR DEL PUEBLO, La trata de seres humanos en España: víctimas invisibles, 2012. Disponible en: https://www.defensordelpueblo.es/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/2012-09-Trata-de-seres-humanos-en-Espa%C3%B1a-v%C3%ADctimas-invisibles-ESP.PDF

EUROPEAN COMISSION, Report from the commission to the european parliament and the council. Third report on the progress made in the fight against trafficking in human beings (2020) as required under article 20 of directive 2011/36/eu on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims, 2020. Disponible en: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0661

EUROPEAN COMMISSION-MIGRATION AND HOMEAFFAIRS, Data collection on trafficking in human beings in the EU, Publications of the European Union, Luxembourg, Publications of the European Union, 2020. Disponible en: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-wedo/policies/european-agenda-security/20181204_data-collection-study.pdf

GARCÍA DE DIEGO, M. J., "«Bajo El casco de Hades»: menores migrantes no acompañadas como posibles víctimas de trata y su triple invisibilización", Migraciones, núm. 28, 2010, pp. 193–223.

GROUP OF EXPERTS ON ACTION AGAINST TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS (GRETA), Evaluation Report United Kingdom. Third evaluation round. Acces to justice and effective remedies for victims of trafficking in human beings, 2021. Disponible en: https://rm.coe.int/greta-third-evalution-report-on-the-united-kingdom/1680a43b36

GROUP OF EXPERTS ON ACTION AGAINST TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS (GRETA), Report concerning the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by Spain. First evaluation round, 2013. Disponible en: https://www.bienestaryproteccioninfantil.es/imagenes/tablaContenidos03SubSec/Informe%20GRETA%20Espa%C3%B1a%202013.pdf

GROUP OF EXPERTS ON ACTION AGAINST TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS (GRETA): Fifth General Report on GRETA’s Activities, 2016. Disponible en: https://rm.coe.int/168063093c

GROUP OF EXPERTS ON ACTION AGAINST TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS (GRETA), Report concerning the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by the UK. Second evaluation round, 2016. Disponible en: https://rm.coe.int/16806abcdc

GROUP OF EXPERTS ON ACTION AGAINST TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS (GRETA), Report concerning the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by Portugal. Second evaluation round, 2017. Disponible en: https://rm.coe.int/16806fe673

GROUP OF EXPERTS ON ACTION AGAINST TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS (GRETA), Report concerning the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by Netherlands. Second evaluation round, 2018. Disponible en: https://rm.coe.int/greta-2018-19-fgr-nld-en/16808e70ca

GROUP OF EXPERTS ON ACTION AGAINST TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS (GRETA), Report concerning the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by Spain. Second evaluation round, 2018. Disponible en: https://rm.coe.int/greta-2018-7-frg-esp-en/16808b51e0

GROUP OF EXPERTS ON ACTION AGAINST TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS (GRETA), Sixth General Report on GRETA’s Activities, 2018. Disponible en: https://rm.coe.int/1680706a42

GROUP OF EXPERTS ON ACTION AGAINST TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS (GRETA), Report concerning the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by Germany. Second evaluation round, 2019. Disponible en: https://rm.coe.int/greta-2019-07-fgr-deu-en/1680950011

GROUP OF EXPERTS ON ACTION AGAINST TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS (GRETA), Report concerning the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by Italy. Second evaluation round, 2019. Disponible en: https://rm.coe.int/greta-2018-28-fgr-ita/168091f627

GROUP OF EXPERTS ON ACTION AGAINST TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS (GRETA), Tenth General Report on GRETA’s Activities, 2020. Diponible en: https://rm.coe.int/10th-general-report-greta-activities-en/1680a21620

INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION (ILO), Protection and assistance of victims of labour exploitation. A comparative analysis, 2020. Disponible en: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---ro-geneva/---ilo-rome/documents/publication/wcms_763387.pdf

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION, World Migraton Report 2022, 2022.

JIMÉNEZ ROMERO, M. y TARANCÓN GÓMEZ, P., “Perspectivas de profesionales del tercer sector sobre la intervención con víctimas de trata con fines de explotación sexual”, Revista Electrónica de Ciencia Penal y Criminología, núm. 20-25, 2018, pp. 1-25.

KOK BUNDESWEITER KOORDINIERUNGSKREIS GEGEN MENSCHENHANDEL E.V., Evaluation Report on the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by the parties to the treaty, 2018. Disponible en: https://www.kok-gegen-menschenhandel.de/fileadmin/user_upload/medien/Publikationen_KOK/KOK_NGO_Report_to_GRETA_2nd_Evaluation_Round_01.03.18.pdf

MIRANDA-RUCHE, X. y VILLACAMPA, C., “La atención de las víctimas de trata de seres humanos. Un análisis crítico del protocolo marco español desde una perspectiva comparada”, Alternativas, Cuadernos de Trabajo Social, 28(2), 2021, p. 17.

OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES GENEVA, Guidelines on Policies and Procedures in dealing with Unaccompanied Children Seeking Asylum, 1997. Disponible en: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?page=search&docid=3ae6b3360

RED ESPAÑOLA CONTRA LA TRATA DE PERSONAS (RECTP), Informe de la Red Española contra la Trata de Personas (RECTP) a la Coordinadora contra la Trata de Seres Humanos de la Unión Europea, 2015. Disponible en: https://www.proyectoesperanza.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/2015_INFORME-RECTP-para-COORDINADORA-EU-CONTRA-LA-TRATA.pdf

RIGBY, P., “Separated and Trafficked Children: The Challenges for Child Protection Professionals”, Child Abuse Review 20(5), 2011, pp. 324-340

SAVE THE CHILDREN, Infancias invisibles, 2016. Disponible en: https://www.savethechildren.es/sites/default/files/imce/docs/infancias-invisibles-ninos-migrantes-refugiados-trata-save-the-children.pdf

TORRES ROSELL, N. y VILLACAMPA ESTIARTE, C., “Protección jurídica y asistencia para víctimas de trata de seres humanos”, Revista General de Derecho Penal, núm. 27, 2017, pp. 1-48.

UNICEF, Reference Guide on Protecting the Rights of Child Victims of Trafficking in Europe, 2006. Disponible en: http://www.crin.org/docs/UNICEF_Child_Trafficking.pdf

UNICEF, They are children, they are victims. Situation of children who are victims of trafficking in Spain, 2017. Disponible en: https://www.comillas.edu/images/ninos-victimas_EN.pdf

UNITED NATIONS DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS, International Migration 2019, 2019. Disponible en: https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/files/documents/2020/Jun/international_migration_2019_report_june20.pdf

UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME (UNODC), Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2018, 2018. Disponible en: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/2018/GLOTiP_2018_BOOK_web_small.pdf

UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME (UNODC), Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2020, 2020. Disponible en: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/tip/2021/GLOTiP_2020_15jan_web.pdf

US DEPARTMENT OF STATE, 2019 Trafficking in Persons Report, 2019. Disponible en: https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/2019-Trafficking-in-Persons-Report.pdf

US DEPARTMENT OF STATE, 2020 Trafficking in Persons Report, 2020. Disponible en: https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2020-TIP-Report-Complete-062420-FINAL.pdf

US DEPARTMENT OF STATE, 2021 Trafficking in Persons Report, 2021. Disponible en: https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/TIPR-GPA-upload-07222021.pdf

US DEPARTMENT OF STATE, 2022 Trafficking in Persons Report, 2022. Disponible en: https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/20221020-2022-TIP-Report.pdf

VILLACAMPA ESTIARTE, C. y TORRES FERRER, C., "Aproximación institucional a la trata de seres humanos en España: valoración crítica", Estudios Penales y Criminológicos, vol. XLI, 2021, pp. 189-232.

VILLACAMPA ESTIARTE, C. y TORRES ROSELL, N., “Trata de seres humanos para explotación criminal: ausencia de identificación de las víctimas y sus efectos", Estudios Penales y Criminológicos, núm. 36, 2016, pp. 771-829.

VILLACAMPA ESTIARTE, C., "Víctimas de la trata de seres humanos: su tutela a la luz de las últimas reformas penales sustantivas y procesales proyectadas", Indret: Revista Para El Análisis Del Derecho, núm. 2, 2014, pp. 1–31.

VILLACAMPA ESTIARTE, C., “La nueva directiva europea relativa a la prevención y la lucha contra la trata de seres humanos y la protección de las víctimas: ¿Cambio de rumbo de la política de la Unión en materia de trata de seres humanos?”, Revista Electrónica de Ciencia Penal y Criminología, núm. 13–14, 2011, pp. 1–52.

VILLACAMPA ESTIARTE, C., “Trata de seres humanos y delincuencia organizada: conexión entre ambos fenómenos criminales y su plasmación jurídico-penal”, Indret: Revista Para El Análisis Del Derecho, núm. 1, 2012, pp. 1-34.

VILLACAMPA, C., GÓMEZ, M. J., TORRES, C., MIRANDA, X., “Trata de seres humanos: dimensión y características en España”, Revista General de Derecho Penal, 2021, núm. 35, pp. 1-34.

WARRIA, A., NEL, H. y TRIEGAARDT, J., “Challenges in Identification of Child Victims of Transnational Trafficking”, Practice 27(5), 2015, pp. 315-333.

WEST, A., “Child Trafficking and Child Welfare”, Journal of Human Trafficking 3(2), 2016, pp. 1-11.

YVONNE, R., “The Impact of Trafficking on Children: Psychological and Social Policy Perspectives”, Child Development Perspectives 2(1), 2008, pp. 13–18.

Published
31-01-2023
How to Cite
Espuny Cugat, R., & Villacampa Estiarte, C. (2023). Care for unaccompanied foreign minors victims of trafficking in Spain from a comparative perspective. Annals of Law, 40, 1–34. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesderecho.522551
Issue
Section
Aula y Práctica