Reflexiones sobre el potencial de protección internacional de los derechos humanos en la era de la neurotecnología
Resumen
Los avances de la neurotecnología para inferir estados mentales a partir de los datos cerebrales y para incidir en el comportamiento humano a través de la modulación de los procesos neuronales generan problemas éticos y jurídicos que preocupan a la comunidad internacional. Algunos sectores consideran que la protección existente es insuficiente y proponen la adopción de nuevos derechos humanos para proteger la mente, que denominan “neuroderechos”. Sin embargo, tras un análisis de algunos de los derechos humanos existentes con mayor potencial para hacer frente a los riesgos de la neurotecnología, se concluye que no es evidente que a nivel universal o regional la protección sea insuficiente.
Descargas
Citas
ALFIHED, S.; et al., “Non-Invasive Brain Sensing Technologies for Modulation of Neurological Disorders”, Biosensors, Vol. 14, No. 7, 2024, pp. 1-23; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14070335
ALOUI, K.; et al., “Using brain prints as new biometric feature for human recognition”, Pattern Recognition Letters, No. 113, 2018, pp. 38-45; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2017.10.001
ARIELY, D.; BERNS, G. S.; “Neuromarketing: the hope and hype of neuroimaging in business”, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol. 11, April 2010, pp. 284-292; https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2795
AVANI SINGH, M. P., “The privacy awakening: the urgent need to harmonize the right to privacy in Africa”, African Human Rights Yearbook, Vol. 3, 2019, pp. 202-220; http://doi.org/10.29053/2523-1367/2019/v3a10
BANCA, A. L.; et al., “Promoción de salud mental mediante el desarrollo de agencia humana y empoderamiento: enfoque intrapersonal”, Revista Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, vol. 32, núm. 1, 2014, pp. 161-169; https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=12058124017
BANDURA, A., “Social Cognitive Theory: An Agentic Perspective”, Annual review of psychology, Vol. 52, 2001, pp.1–26. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1
BASELGA-GARRIGA, C.; RODRIGUEZ, P.; YUSTE, R.; “Neuro Rights: A Human Rights Solution to Ethical Issues of Neurotechnologies”, Protecting the Mind. Ethics of Science and Technology Assessment, vol 49, Springer, 2022, pp. 157-161, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94032-4_13
BAYNES, CH., “Chinese schools scanning children’s brains to see if they are concentrating”, Independent, 15 January 2019; https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/china-schools-scan-brains-concentration-headbands-children-brainco-focus-a8728951.html
BELTRAN DE HEREDIA RUIZ, I., “Hacia el estatuto del yo inconsciente de la persona trabajadora”, Trabajo y derecho: nueva revista de actualidad y relaciones laborales, No. Extra 19, 2024
BELTRAN DE HEREDIA RUIZ, I., Inteligencia artificial y neuroderechos: la protección del yo inconsciente de la persona, Aranzadi: Navarra, 2023.
BHIDAYASIRI, R., “The grand challenge at the frontiers of neurotechnology and its emerging clinical applications”, Frontiers in Neurology, Vol 15, 2024, pp. 1-5; https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10827995/pdf/fneur-15-1314477.pdf
BIJLSMA, J., et al., Kansen en Risico’s van de Toepassing van Neurotechnologie in het Strafrecht, Utrecht University, March 22, 2022; http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12832/3174
BORBÓN, D.; BORBÓN, L., “NeuroDerechos Humanos y Neuroabolicionismo Penal: Comentarios críticos frente a la neuropredicción y la detección de mentiras”, Revista Mexicana de Derecho Constitucional, No. 46, Enero-Junio 2022, pp. 29-64, https://doi.org/10.22201/iij.24484881e.2022.46.17047
BUBLITZ, J. CH., “Neurotechnologies and human rights: restating and reaffirming the multi-layered protection of the person”, The International Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 28, No. 5, 2024, pp. 782-807; https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2024.2310830
BUBLITZ, J. CH.; et al., “Implications of the novel EU AI Act for Neurotechnologies”, Neuron Vol. 112, 2024, pp. 3013-3016; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2024.08.011
BUBLITZ, J. CH.; “What an International Declaration on Neurotechnologies and Human Rights Could Look like: Ideas, Suggestions, Desiderata”, AJOB Neuroscience, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2024, pp. 96-112; doi:10.1080/21507740.2023.2270512
BUBLITZ, J. CH.; MERKEL, R., “Crimes Against Minds: On Mental Manipulations, Harms and a Human Right to Mental Self-Determination”, Crim Law and Philos, Vol. 8, 2014, pp. 51-77; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11572-012-9172-y
BUBLITZ, J. CH., “My mind is Mine? Cognitive Liberty as a Legal Concept”, Cognitive Enhancement. Trends in Augmentation of Human Performance, vol 1. Springer, 2013, pp. 233-264, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6253-4_19
CASSINADRI, G.; IENCA, M., “Non-voluntary BCI explanation: Assessing possible neurorights violations in light of contrasting mental ontologies”, Journal of Medical Ethics, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/jme-2023-109830
CERRILLO I MARTÍNEZ, A., et al. (Dir.), Inteligencia artificial y administraciones públicas: Una triple visión en clave comparada, Iustel, Madrid, 2024.
FARAHANY, N. A., “Neurotech at Work”, Harvad Business Review, March- April 2023. https://hbr.org/2023/03/neurotech-at-work
FARANHANY, N. A.; “Incriminating Thoughts”, Stanford Law Review, Vol. 64, February 2012, pp. 351-408; https://www.jstor.org/stable/41511094
FARINA, M.; LAVAZZA, A.; “Memory Modulation Via Non-invasive Brain Stimulation: Status, Perspectives, and Ethical Issues”, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. Vol. 16, March 2002, pp. 1-6; https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2022.826862
GAMERO CASADO, E., “El enfoque europeo de Inteligencia Artificial”, Revista de Derecho Administrativo, No. 20, 2021, p. 268-289.
GENSER, J.; DAMIANOS, S.; YUSTE, R., Safeguarding Brain Data: Assessing the Privacy Practices of Consumer Neurotechnology Companies, NeuroRights Foundation, 2024; https://neurorightsfoundation.org/reports
GENSER, J.; HERRMAN, S.; YUSTE, R.; International Human Rights Protection Gaps in the Age of Neurotechnology, May 6, 2022; https://neurorightsfoundation.org/reports
GOERING, S.; et al., “Recommendations for Responsible Development and Application of Neurotechnologies”, Neuroethics, Vol. 14, 2021, pp. 365-386; https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-021-09468-6
GROSSMAN, C., “La libertad de expresión en el sistema interamericano de protección de los derechos humanos”, Revista IIDH, Vol. 46, 2007, pp. 159-193; https://www.corteidh.or.cr/tablas/R22022.pdf
HASLACHER, D.; et al., “AI for brain-computer interfaces”, en IENCA, M.; STARKE, G.; Brains and Machines: Towards a Unified Ethics of AI and Neuroscience, Academic Press, pp. 3-28 https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.dnb.2024.02.003
HENNEBEL, L., “Les Références Croisées Entre Les Juridictions Internationales Des Droits De L'Homme”, Le dialogue des juges, Emilie Bruylant, 2007, pp. 1-32; https://ssrn.com/abstract=1819764
HUERGO LORA, A. J., “Inteligencia artificial: una aproximación jurídica no catastrofista”, Revista española de control externo, Vol. 25, No. 74-75, 2023, p. 110-129.
IENCA, M.; MALGIERI, G., “Mental data protection and the GDPR”, Journal of Law and Biosciences, Vol. 9, Issue 1, January-June 2022, lsac006, pp. 1-19; https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsac006
IENCA, M.; ANDORNO, R., “Towards new human rights in the age of neuroscience and neurotechnology”, Life Sciences, Society and Policy, Vol. 13, No. 5, 2017, pp. 1-27; https://doi.org/10.1186/s40504-017-0050-1
JWA, A. S.; POLDRACK, R. A., “Addressing privacy risk in neuroscience data: from data protection to harm prevention”, Journal of Law and the Biosciences, Vol. 9, Issue 2, July-December 2022, pp. 1-25; https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsac025
LIGTHART, S.; et. al., “Forensic Brain-Reading and Metal Privacy in European Human Rights Law: Foundations and Challenges”, Neuroethics Vol. 14, 2021, pp. 191-203; https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-020-09438-4
LUCCHIARI, C.; et al., “Editorial: Brain Stimulation and Behavioral Change”, Neuroscience, Vol 13, Article 20, February 2019, pp. 1-3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00020
MCCAY, A., Horizont Report for The Law Society: Neurotechnology, law and the legal profession, 2022, https://www.lawsociety.org.uk/topics/research/how-will-brain-monitoring-technology-influence-the-practice-of-law
MEYNEN, G.; et al., “Neurotechnology to reduce recidivism: Ethical and legal challenges”. Handbook of clinical neurology, Vol. 197, 2023, pp. 265–276; https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821375-9.00006-2
MINIELLY, N.; HRINCU, V.; ILLES, J., “Privacy Challenges to the Democratization of Brain Data”, iScience, Vol. 23, 2020, pp. 1-6; doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101134
MIYAWAKI, Y.; et al., “Visual Image Reconstruction from Human Brain Activity suing a Combination of Multiscale Local Image Decoders”, Neuron, Vol. 60, Issue 5, 10 December 2008, pp. 915-929. 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.11.004
MOECKLI, D.; et al., International Human Rights Law (3rd Edition), Oxford University Press: New York, 2018.
MUÑOZ, J. M.; MARINARO, J. A., “Algorithmic biases: caring about teens’ neurorights”, AI & Society, Vol. 39, 2024, PP. 809-810; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01516-w
NOWAK, M., “Can Private Actors Torture?”, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Volume 19, Issue 2, May 2021, pp. 415-423; https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqab031
O’CALLAGHAN, P.; et al., “The right to freedom of thought: an interdisciplinary analysis of the UN special rapporteur’s report on freedom of thought”, The International Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 28, No. 1, 2024, pp. 1-23; https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2023.2227100
OECD, Recommendation of the Council on Responsible Innovation in Neurotechnology, OECD/LEGAL/0457; https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/oecd-legal-0457
PANEL FOR THE FUTURE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, The protection of mental privacy in the area of neuroscience: Societal, legal and ethical challenges, European Parliamentary Research Service, PE 757.807 – July 2024, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/stoa/en/document/EPRS_STU(2024)757807
PATRÃO NEVES, M.; “On (scientific) integrity: conceptual clarification”, Med Health Care and Philos, Vol. 21, 2018, pp. 181-187; doi:10.1007/s11019-017-9796-8
PEÑA-CUELLAR, D. M.; et al., “Neurotecnología y derechos humanos: Evaluando la necesidad de los neuroderechos”, Academia & Derecho, Vol. 17, No. 29, 2024, pp. 1-26.
PYCROFT, L.; et al., “Brainjacking: Implant Security Issues in Invasive Neuromodulation”, World Neurosurgy, Vol. 92, 2016, pp. 454-462; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2016.05.010
RAINEY, S.; et al.; “Brain Recording, Mind‑Reading, and Neurotechnology: Ethical Issues from Consumer Devices to Brain‑Based Speech Decoding”, Science and Engineering Ethics, Vol. 26, 2020, pp. 2295-2311; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-020-00218-0
RAINEY, S.; et al., “Is the European Data Protection Regulation sufficient to deal with emerging data concerns relating to neurotechnology?”, Journal of Law and the Biosciences, Vol. 7, Issue 1, January-June 2020, pp. 1-19; https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsaa051
RASQUIN LIZARRAGA, M. M., “Sistemas de IA prohibidos, de alto riesgo, o de bajo o nulo riesgo”, Revista de privacidad y derecho digital, Vol. 9, No. 34, 2024, pp. 172-235.
REIDY, A.; The prohibition of torture: A guide to the implementation of Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Human Rights Handbooks, No. 6, Council of Europe, 2002; https://rm.coe.int/168007ff4c
ROAGNA, I., Protecting the right to respect for private and family life under the European Convention on Human Rights, Council of Europe Human Rights Handbooks, Strasburg, 2012; https://www.echr.coe.int/Library/DIGDOC/Roagna2012_EN.pdf
RODRIEGUES, A., Senadores proponen ley para proteger los datos y privacidad mentales. Agencia Brasil. https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/es/geral/noticia/2024-03/senadores-proponen-ley-para-proteger-los-datos-y-privacidad-mentales
RODRIGUEZ ASTUDILLO, N., “Tratamiento de los Neurodatos en Chile: análisis de jurisprudencia de la Corte Suprema de Chile”, Bioderecho.es, Núm. 19, enero-julio 2024, pp.1-9. https://doi.org/10.6018/bioderecho.621281
ROELFSEMA, P. R.; DENYS, D.; KLINK, P. CH.; “Mind Reading and Writing: The Future of Neurotechnology”, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, July 2018, Vol. 22, No. 7, pp. 598-610; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2018.04.001
ROLLNERT LIERN, G., Los neuroderechos y la libertad de pensamiento, Madrid: Dykinson, S.L., 2024; FARINA, M.; LAVAZZA, A.; “The ‘NeuroGate’: neuromorphic intelligence, extended mind, and neurorights”, Synthese, Vol. 204, No. 5, Article 148, 2024, pp. 1-23 https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11229-024-04795-6
SENTENTIA, W., “Cognitive Liberty and Converging Technologies for Improving Human Condition, Annals of the New York Academy of Science, Vol. 1013, 2004, pp. 221-228, doi:10.1196/annals.1305.014
SHAHEED, A., Interim report of the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief: Freedom of thought, A/76/380, 5 October 2021.
SHIH, J. J.; KRUSIENSKY, J.; WOLPAW, J. R.; “Brain-Computer Interfaces in Medicine”, Mayo Clinic Proceedings, Vol 87, No. 3, 2012, pp. 268-279; doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.12.008
SILVEIRA, A.; et alt (eds.), The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union: A Commentary, Braga: Portugal, UMinho Law School, 2024; https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/93188/1/The%20Charter%20of%20Fundamental%20Rights%20of%20the%20EU%20-%20A%20Commentary.pdf
SWAINE, L., “Freedom of Thought as a Basic Liberty”, Political Theory, Vol. 46, No. 3, June 2018, pp. 405-425; https://www.jstor.org/stable/26504287
THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH, BRAIN 2025: A Scientific Vision; June 5, 2014, https://braininitiative.nih.gov/sites/default/files/documents/brain2025_508c_2.pdf
THE INTER-AMERICAN JURIDICAL COMMITTEE, Inter-American Declaration of principles regarding neuroscience, neurotechnologies, and human rights, CJI/RES. 281 (CII-O/23) corr.1, 9, March 2023.
THEJLS ZIEGLER, M., “Moral Integrity”, Business & Professional Ethics Journal, Vol. 39, No. 3, Fall 2020, pp. 347-364; https://doi.org/10.5840/bpej2020920101
WEISER, I., “Analysis: Torture Committed by Private Individuals and State Responsibility”, PKI Global Justice Journal, Vol. 2, 2018; https://globaljustice.queenslaw.ca/news/analysis-torture-committed-by-private-individuals-and-state-responsibility
YANG, S.; DERAVI, F., “On the Usability of Electroencephalographic Signals for Biometric Recognition: A Survey”, IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems, Vol. 47, No. 6, December 2017, pp. 958-969; 10.1109/THMS.2017.2682115
YUSTE, R., “Neurorights and New Charts of Digital Rights: A Dialogue Beyond the Limits of Law”, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Vol. 30, No. 1, 2023, pp. 15-37, https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ijgls/vol30/iss1/3
YUSTE, R.; GENSER, J.; HERMANN, S., “It’s Time for Neuro-Rights: New Human Rights for the Age of Neurotechnology”, Horizons, No. 18, 2017, pp. 154-164.
YUSTE, R.; et al., “Four priorities for neurotechnologies and AI”, Nature, Vol. 551, 2017, pp.159-163; https://doi.org/10.1038/551159a
ZELADA, C. J.; BERTONI, E., “Apuntes sobre la vida privada desde la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos”, Forseti, No. 1, 2013, pp. 123-146; https://doi.org/10.21678/forseti.v1i1.1195
ZIBLY, Z.; et al., “Modulation of mind: therapeutic neuromodulation for cognitive disability”, Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, Volume 21, Issue 9, 2014, pp. 1473-1477, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2013.11.040
ZOHNY, H.; et al., “The Mystery of Mental Integrity: Clarifying Its Relevance to Neurotechnologies”, Neuroethics, Vol. 16, article number 20, 2023, pp. 1-20; https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-023-09525-2
-
Resumen185
-
.pdf73
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Las obras que se publican en esta revista están sujetas a los siguientes términos:
1. El Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia (la editorial) conserva los derechos patrimoniales (copyright) de las obras publicadas, y favorece y permite la reutilización de las mismas bajo la licencia de uso indicada en el punto 2.
2. Las obras se publican en la edición electrónica de la revista bajo una licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 3.0 España (texto legal). Se pueden copiar, usar, difundir, transmitir y exponer públicamente, siempre que: i) se cite la autoría y la fuente original de su publicación (revista, editorial y URL de la obra); ii) no se usen para fines comerciales; iii) se mencione la existencia y especificaciones de esta licencia de uso.
3. Condiciones de auto-archivo. Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir electrónicamente las versiones pre-print (versión antes de ser evaluada) y/o post-print (versión evaluada y aceptada para su publicación) de sus obras antes de su publicación, ya que favorece su circulación y difusión más temprana y con ello un posible aumento en su citación y alcance entre la comunidad académica. Color RoMEO: verde.
