Effect of kickboxing training on total sulfhydryl (–SH) and ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) levels: a comparative study between athletes and sedentary individuals

Authors

DOI: https://doi.org/10.6018/sportk.678161
Keywords: Kickboxing, Oxidative Stress, Total Sulfhydryl, Ischemia-Modified Albumin, Antioxidant Defense

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the impact of kickboxing training on oxidative stress biomarkers, specifically total sulfhydryl (–SH) and ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) levels. The study was designed as a quantitative, cross-sectional, comparative investigation. The sample consisted of 45 healthy male university students aged 18–24 years from the Van province, Türkiye. Participants were divided into two groups: kickboxing athletes and sedentary controls. The experimental group (n = 20) consisted of male kickboxing athletes with a minimum of seven years of training experience, ranked among the top three in the Turkish Kickboxing Championship, and currently training at least four days per week. The control group (n = 25) consisted of sedentary male individuals with no history of regular exercise in the past six months, no alcohol or tobacco use, no chronic diseases, and adherence to a balanced diet.  Blood samples were analyzed using validated biochemical methods. The results showed significantly higher –SH and lower IMA levels in the kickboxing group (p < 0.05). Effect size analysis indicated large differences for both markers (Cohen’s d = 1.25 for –SH and d = 1.00 for IMA), suggesting that kickboxing training has a substantial impact on oxidative stress parameters. These findings highlight the physiological benefits of regular high-intensity physical activity in promoting cellular resilience and adaptive responses.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
Metrics
Views/Downloads
  • Abstract
    0
  • PDF
    0

References

1. Ağlar, S. (2024). Kickboks antrenmanlarının oksidatif stres ve antioksidan mekanizmalar üzerindeki etkileri. In A. Aydolu (Ed.), Sağlık Spor 1 (pp. 66–74). Duvar Yayınları. https://www.duvaryayinlari.com/Webkontrol/IcerikYonetimi/Dosyalar/saglik-ve-spor-1_icerik_g4588_Argp5Uyp.pdf

2. Akbaş, T. (2022). Yeni tanı özofagus kanseri hastalarında oksidatif stres belirteçlerinin önemi (Uzmanlık tezi, Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi). https://tez.yok.gov.tr

3. Bar-Or, D., Lau, E., & Winkler, J. V. (2000). A novel assay for cobalt-albumin binding and its potential as a marker for myocardial ischemia: A preliminary report. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 19(4), 311–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-4679(00)00255-9

4. Can, Ü., & Yosunkaya, Ş. (2017). İskemide yeni bir marker: İskemi modifiye albümin. Koşuyolu Heart Journal, 20(2), 148–152. https://doi.org/10.5578/khj.10257

5. Dalkılıç, S. (2006). Metil parationla muamele edilen sıçan dokularında sülfidril grubu konsantrasyon değişimlerinin tespiti (Yüksek lisans tezi, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi).

6. Duman, C., Çolak, T., Bamaç, B., Göker, İ., Çolak, S., & Özbek, A. (2015). Profesyonel futbolcularda egzersiz öncesi ve sonrası iskemi modifiye albümin düzeyleri. Marmara Medical Journal, 26(1), 21–24. https://doi.org/10.5472/MMJ.2012.02495.1

7. Erel, O., & Neselioğlu, S. (2014). A novel and automated assay for thiol/disulphide homeostasis. Clinical Biochemistry, 47(18), 326–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.09.026

8. Eryılmaz, R., Demir, C., Aslan, R., Demir, H., & Taken, K. (2020). Can ischemia modified albumin (IMA) and total sulfhydryl level (–SH) be used as biomarkers in the diagnosis of bladder tumor? Journal of Surgery and Medicine, 4(12), 1104–1107. https://doi.org/10.28982/josam.820913

9. Halliwell, B., & Gutteridge, J. M. C. (2015). Free radicals in biology and medicine (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198717478.001.0001

10. Kahraman, A., Çakar, H., Vurmaz, A., Gürsoy, F., Koçak, S., & Serteser, M. (2003). Ağır egzersizin oksidatif stres üzerindeki etkisi. Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi, 4(2), 45–50.

11. Kılıç, M., Özdemir, F., & Yıldız, M. (2019). Egzersizin antioksidan sistem üzerine etkileri. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 30(2), 123–130.

12. Lippi, G., Brocco, G., Salvagno, G. L., Montagnana, M., Dima, F., & Guidi, G. C. (2005). High-workload endurance training may increase serum ischemia-modified albumin concentrations. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 43(4), 406–408. https://doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.2005.126

13. Memmedov, H., Bakan, E., Ozturk, N., Baygutalp, N. K., Kaynar, O., Gul, M. A., et al. (2022). Effects of exercise on serum ischemia-modified albumin, brain natriuretic peptide and copeptin levels in boxers and kick boxers. The Pan African Medical Journal, 41, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2022.41.98.31847

14. Powers, S. K., & Jackson, M. J. (2008). Exercise-induced oxidative stress: Cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production. Physiological Reviews, 88(4), 1243–1276. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00031.2007

15. Radák, Z., Chung, H. Y., & Goto, S. (2008). Systemic adaptation to oxidative challenge induced by regular exercise. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 44(2), 153–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.01.029

16. Roy, D., Quiles, J., Sharma, R., Sinha, M., Avanzas, P., Gaze, D., et al. (2004). Ischemia-modified albumin concentrations in patients with peripheral vascular disease and exercise-induced skeletal muscle ischemia. Clinical Chemistry, 50(9), 1656–1660. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2004.031690

17. Sbarouni, E., Georgiadou, P., & Voudris, V. (2011). Ischemia modified albumin changes—Review and clinical implications. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 49(2), 177–184. https://doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.2011.034

18. Sedlak, J., & Lindsay, R. H. (1968). Estimation of total, protein-bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellman’s reagent. Analytical Biochemistry, 25(1), 192–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(68)90092-4

19. Seo, A. Y., Hofer, T., Sung, B., Judge, S., Chung, H. Y., & Leeuwenburgh, C. (2006). Hepatic oxidative stress during aging: Effects of 8% long-term calorie restriction and lifelong exercise. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 8(3–4), 529–538. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2006.8.529

20. Slimani, M., Chaabène, H., Miarka, B., Chamari, K., & Cheour, F. (2017). Effects of combat sports practice on oxidative stress biomarkers: A systematic review. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 16(1), 1–9.

21. Yılmaz, İ. (2010). Antioksidan içeren bazı gıdalar ve oksidatif stres. Journal of Turgut Ozal Medical Center, 17(2), 143–154.

Published
30-06-2026
How to Cite
Ağlar, S., Karabağ, S., Güler, M. Şirin, Akbay, H. İbrahim, Yasin, A. T., Demir, C., & DEMİR, H. (2026). Effect of kickboxing training on total sulfhydryl (–SH) and ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) levels: a comparative study between athletes and sedentary individuals. SPORT TK-EuroAmerican Journal of Sport Sciences, 15, 61. https://doi.org/10.6018/sportk.678161
Issue
Vol. 15 (2026)
Section
Articles

 The works and papers that are published in this Journal are subject to the following terms:

 1. The Publication Service of the University of Murcia (the publisher) has the Publication Rights (Copyright) to the published papers and works, and favors and permits the reusing of the same under the license indicated in point 2.

 © Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, 2013

 2. The papers and works are to be published in the digital edition of the Journal under the license Creative Commons Reconocimiento-No Comercial-Sin Obra Derivada 3.0 España (legal text). The copying, using, spreading, transmitting and publicly displaying of the papers, works or publication are permitted as long as: i) the authors and original sources (Journal, publisher and URL of the publication) are quoted; ii) it is not used for commercial benefit; iii) the existence and specifications of this users license are mentioned.

3. Conditions of Self-Archiving. It is permitted and encouraged that the authors spread electronically the pre-print (before printing) and/or post-print (the revised, evaluated and accepted) versions of their papers or works before their publication since this favors their circulation and early diffusion and therefore can help increase their citation and quotation, and also there reach through the academic community. 

The works and papers that are published in this Journal are subject to the following terms:

1. The Publication Service of the University of Murcia (the publisher) has the Publication Rights (Copyright) to the published papers and works, and favors and permits the reusing of the same under the license indicated in point 2.

© Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, 2013

2. The papers and works are to be published in the digital edition of the Journal under the license Creative Commons Reconocimiento-No Comercial-Sin Obra Derivada 3.0 España (legal text). The copying, using, spreading, transmitting and publicly displaying of the papers, works or publication are permitted as long as: i) the authors and original sources (Journal, publisher and URL of the publication) are quoted; ii) it is not used for commercial benefit; iii) the existence and specifications of this users license are mentioned.

3. Conditions of Self-Archiving. It is permitted and encouraged that the authors spread electronically the pre-print (before printing) and/or post-print (the revised, evaluated and accepted) versions of their papers or works before their publication since this favors their circulation and early diffusion and therefore can help increase their citation and quotation, and also there reach through the academic community.