The impact of rule updates on the performance of racewalkers and the classification of countries: An analysis at the Olympic Games
Resumen
Numerous controversies arose over the judgment of the racewalking events, and the rules were amended more than once. Before 1995, the rule required constant touch with the ground, and the need for a straight knee was only applied in the upright vertical posture. While, after 1995, the rule that applies today was published, which included two obvious changes. One related to maintaining a constantly straight knee through the first half of the stride, and the other to maintaining contact as seen by the human eye. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the last three modifications in racewalking rules on elite athletes' performance, athletes' eligibility, and nations' classification. Also, we investigated the regression between performance times of 20, and 50 km events and explanatory variables (BMI, and age). We collected data of 310 racewalkers from Olympic Games records (men) in 20km and 50km between 1956 and 2016. This period was divided into three stages according to the racewalking rules updates: Stage A (from 1996 to 2016), Stage B (from 1976 to 1992), and Stage C (from 1956 to 1972). There was a significant difference between all stages favoring stage A for Athlete’s Performance. Stage A has the highest speeds (4.06±.23m/sec) for 20km with large ES (η2=.54, p=.000), and (3.71±.06m/sec) for 50km with large ES (η2=.769, p=.000) compared to others. The participants had the efficiency and the ability to finish the race with the least percentage of withdrawals under the current rule compared to other rules. Some countries emerged on the scene, i.e. China, Poland and Ecuador, and others disappeared under the current rule; while the regression model's results revealed a substantial link between time and explanatory parameters where (BConstant=58.219, P.000) for 20km and (BConstant=164.744, P.000) for 50km. Results proved that the elite walkers, the youngest and lowest in BMI, are the fastest and most efficient walkers under the current rule.
Descargas
Citas
Cohen, J. (1992). Statistical power analysis current directions. Psychological Science, 1(3), 98–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10768783
Elshewey, A. M., Shams, M. Y., Tarek, Z., Megahed, M., El-kenawy, E.-S. M., & Mohamed, A. (n.d.). Weight Prediction Using the Hybrid Stacked-LSTM Food Selection Model. Computer Systems Science and Engineering, 46(1), 765-781.
Hanley, B. (2014). Biomechanical analysis of elite race walking. Leeds Metropolitan University.
Hoga, K., Ae, M., Enomoto, Y., Yokozawa, T., & Fujii, N. (2006). Athletics: joint torque and mechanical energy flow in the support legs of skilled race walkers. Sports Biomechanics, 5(2), 167–182.
IAAF Rules. (1949). Official Handbook of the International Amateur Athletic Federations 1949. The Council of the International Amateur Athletics Federation, Stockholm, 1949.
IAAF Rules. (1955). Handbook 1955. International Amateur Athletic Federation. https://issuu.com/themarsahlonline/docs/1955/44
IAAF Rules. (1973). IAAF HandBook 1973/74. International Amateur Athletic Federation, October 1972. https://issuu.com/themarsahlonline/docs/1973-1974
IAAF Rules. (1995). Official Handbook 1996. The 14th IAAF Council in Seville, Spain.
IAAF Rules. (2020). World Athletics Competition and Technical Rules 2020 Edition. In International Association of Athletics Federations, In force from 1 November 2019 (2020th ed.). IAAF. https://athleticsfiji.com/iaaf-competition-rules/
IAAF. (1928). Handbook of the International Amateur Athletic Federation 1927–1928. The Council of the International Amateur Athletics Federation Vesterås, Sweden.
IAAF. (2022a). 20 Kilometres Race Walk. World Athletics Championships. https://www.worldathletics.org/disciplines/race-walks/20-kilometres-race-walk
IAAF. (2022b). 50 Kilometres Race Walk. World Athletics Championships. https://www.worldathletics.org/disciplines/race-walks/50-kilometres-race-walk
International Olympic Committee. (2022). Olympic Games. https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/olympic-results
Jürgen, S. (2008). Race walking/Jürgen Schiffer. New Studies in Athletics, 23, 4. https://www.worldathletics.org/nsa/article/filter?&articleTitle=race walking
Knechtle, B., Weiss, K., Villiger, E., Scheer, V., Gomes, T. N., Gajda, R., Ouerghi, N., Chtourou, H., Nikolaidis, P. T., & Rosemann, T. (2022). The Sex Difference in 6-h Ultra-Marathon Running-The Worldwide Trends from 1982 to 2020. Medicina, 58(2), 179.
Marlow, P. (1990). A brief history of race walking. New Studies in Athletics, 5(3), 21-24.
Megahed, M., & Tarek, Z. (2023). Improving Spatio-Temporal Stride Parameters, Lower Limb Muscles Activity and Race Walkers’ Records After 12-Weeks Special Exercises Using Rhythmic Auditory. SPORT TK-EuroAmerican Journal of Sport Sciences, 12(1), 1-20.
Megahed, M., Ali, R., & Tarek, Z. (2021). Women’s 50km racewalking tactic using pace strategy analysis at World Championships. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 25(5), 319-32. https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2021.0507
Olympedia. (2022). Olympic Athletes. https://www.olympedia.org/athletes
Osterhoudt, R. G. (2000). The grace and disgrace of race walking. Track Coach, 137, 4880–4883.
Seffrin, A., Knechtle, B., Vancini, R. L., de Assis Teles Santos, D., de Lira, C. A. B., Hill, L., Rosemann, T., & Andrade, M. S. (2021). Origin of the Fastest 5 km, 10 km and 25 km Open-Water Swimmers. An Analysis from 20 Years and 9819 Swimmers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11369.
Las obras que se publican en esta revista están sujetas a los siguientes términos:
1. El Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia (la editorial) conserva los derechos patrimoniales (copyright) de las obras publicadas, y favorece y permite la reutilización de las mismas bajo la licencia de uso indicada en el punto 2.
© Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, 2013
2. Las obras se publican en la edición electrónica de la revista bajo una licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 3.0 España (texto legal). Se pueden copiar, usar, difundir, transmitir y exponer públicamente, siempre que: i) se cite la autoría y la fuente original de su publicación (revista, editorial y URL de la obra); ii) no se usen para fines comerciales; iii) se mencione la existencia y especificaciones de esta licencia de uso.
3. Condiciones de auto-archivo. Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir electrónicamente las versiones pre-print (versión antes de ser evaluada) y/o post-print (versión evaluada y aceptada para su publicación) de sus obras antes de su publicación, ya que favorece su circulación y difusión más temprana y con ello un posible aumento en su citación y alcance entre la comunidad académica.
