Ethnicity and Gender in the Beat Generation
Jack Kerouac and the Other Woman
Abstract
Pivoting around the contrast between Jack Kerouac’s On the Road (1957) and Tim Z. Hernandez’s Mañana Means Heaven (2013), this article reopens debates about ethnic appropriation and rhetorical control in the Beat Generation. More specifically, it sets out to investigate whether the textual strategies used in Mañana Means Heaven allow ethnic minorities to escape the discursive control exerted by On the Road. Keeping in mind that Hernandez’s text acts as a counter-discursive text to Kerouac’s representation of Bea Franco (aka “the Mexican girl”) this article analyzes the different dialogues Mañana Means Heaven necessarily establishes with On the Road, which often include alliances as well as points of departure.
Downloads
References
Amundsen, M. (2015). On the Road: Jack Kerouac’s Epic Autoethnography. Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Finish Anthropological Society, 40(3), 31–44.
Baldwin, J. (1998). The Black Boy Looks at the White Boy. Collected Essays, New York: The Library of America, 269–285.
Bender, S. W. (2003). Greasers and Gringos: Latinos, Law, and the American Imagination. New York and London: New York University Press.
Bill, R. (2010). Traveler or tourist? Jack Kerouac and the Commodification of culture. Dialectical Anthropology,34(3), 395–417.
Brigham, A. (2015). American Road Narratives: Reimagining Mobility in Literature and Film. Charlottesville & London: University of Virginia Press.
Connor, S. (1994). Rewriting Wrong: On the Ethics of Literary Reversion. Liminal Postmodernisms: The Postmodern, the (Post-) Colonial, and the (Post-) Feminist. Eds. Theo D’haen and Hans Bertens. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 79–97.
Echeverry, M. (2011). Un Nuevo Imaginario del Nuevo Mundo: Latinoamérica en la Obra de Jack Kerouac. Medellín, 19(43), 441–456.
García-Robles, J. (2014). At the End of the Road: Jack Kerouac in Mexico. Translated by Daniel C. Schechter. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Genette, G. (1997). Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree. Translation by Channa Newman and Claude Doubinsky. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press.
Grace, N. M. (2000). A White Man in Love: A Study of Race, Gender, Class, and Ethnicity in Jack Kerouac’s Maggie Cassidy, The Subterraneans, and Tristessa. College Literature, 27(1), 39–62.
Hernandez, T. Z. (2017). All they Will Call You. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press.
---. (2013). Mañana Means Heaven. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press.
Hunt, T. (1981). Kerouac’s Crooked Road: Development of a Fiction. Berkeley: University of California Press.
---. (2014). The Textuality of Soulwork: Jack Kerouac’s Quest for Spontaneous Prose. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
Jackson, M. E. (2013). French Friends, American Allies: Ethnic Dynamics in the Writing of Jack Kerouac. Comparative American Studies, 11(3), 280–289.
Johnson, R. C. (2012). Beat Transnationalism under Gender: Brenda Frazer’s Troia: Mexican Memoir. The Transnational Beat Generation, Eds. Nancy M. Grace and Jennie Skerl. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 51–66.
Kerouac, J. (2018). Lonesome Traveler. London: Penguin Classics.
---. (2007). On the Road: The Original Scroll. New York: Viking Penguin.
---. (2001). The Subterraneans. London: Penguin Books.
---. (1992). Tristessa. New York: Penguin Books.
Lee, R. A. (2017). The Beats and Race. The Cambridge Companion to the Beats. Ed. Steven Belleto. New York: Cambridge University Press, 193–208.
Ligairi, R. (2009). When Mexico Looks like Mexico: The Hyperrealization of Race and the Pursuit of the Authentic. What’s your Road, Man? Critical Essays on Jack Kerouac’s On the Road. Eds. Hilary Holladay and Robert Holton. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 139–154.
Mailer, N. (1957). The White Negro – Superficial Reflections on the Hipster. Dissent, 4(3), 276–293.
Markovich, M. (2013). Giving Kerouac’s ‘Mexican Girl’ Her Rightful Voice: Q&A with Tim Z. Hernandez. ZYZZYVA: A San Francisco Journal of Arts & Letters, October 23rd. Available at: https://www.zyzzyva.org/2013/10/23/giving-kerouacs-mexican-girl-her-rightful-voice-qa-with-tim-z-hernandez/
Martinez, M. L. (2003). Countering the Counterculture: Rereading Postwar American Dissent from Jack Kerouac to Tomás Rivera. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
---. (1998). ‘With Imperious Eye’: Kerouac, Burroughs, and Ginsberg on the Road in South America. Aztlán, 23(1), 33–53.
Melehy, H. (2016). Kerouac: Language, Poetics, & Territory. New York: Bloomsbury.
---. (2012). Jack Kerouac and the Nomadic Cartographies of Exile. The Transnational Beat Generation. Eds. Nancy M. Grace and Jennie Skerl. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 31–50.
Mikelli, E. (2010). A Postcolonial Beat: Projections of Race and Gender in Jack Kerouac’s The Subterraneans. Atlantis, 32(2), 27–42.
Nicholls, B. (2003). The Melting Pot that Boiled Over: Racial Fetishism and the Lingua Franca of Jack Kerouac’s Fiction. Modern Fiction Studies, 49(3), 524–549.
Panish, J. (1994). Kerouac’s The Subterraneans: A Study of ‘Romantic Primitivism’. MELUS, 19(3), 107–123.
Rich, A. (1972). When We Dead Awaken: Writing as Re-Vision. College English, 34(1), Women, Writing and Teaching, Oct., 18–30.
Richardson, M. (2001). Peasant Dreams: Reading On the Road. Texas Studies in Literature and Language, 43(2), 218–242.
Sánchez, E. L. (2013). Latino novelist finds real woman behind iconic Jack Kerouac’s ‘Mexican Girl’. NBC Latino. Available at: http://nbclatino.com/2013/10/29/latino-novelist-finds-real-woman-behind-iconic-jack-kerouacs-mexican-girl/
Skinazi, K. E. H. (2009). Through Roots and Routes: On the Road’s Portrayal of an Outsider’s Journey into the Meaning of America. Canadian Review of American Studies, 39(1), 85–103.
Spengler, O. 1991. [1923] The Decline of the West. London: Oxford University Press.
Sterritt, D. (1998). Mad to Be Saved: The Beats, the ‘50s, and Film. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press.
Stevenson, G. (2020) Anti-Humanism in the Counterculture. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Tietchen, T. F. (2017). Ethnographies and Networks: On Beat Transnationalism. The Cambridge Companion to the Beats. Ed. Steven Belleto. New York: Cambridge University Press, 209–224.
Tiffin, H. (1995). Post-colonial Literatures and Counter-discourse. The Post-colonial Studies Reader. Eds. Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin. New York: Routledge, 95–98.
Trudeau, J. T. (2011). Specters in the Rear-View: Haunting Whitness in Jack Kerouac’s On the Road. Text and Performance Quarterly, 31(2), April, 149–168.
Wade-Gayles, G. (1984). No Crystal Stair: Visions of Race and Sex in Black Women’s Fiction. New York: The Pilgrim Press.
Widdowson, P. (2006). ‘Writing back’: Contemporary Re-visionary Fiction. Textual Practice, 20(3), 491–507.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The works published in this journal are subject to the following terms:
1. The Publications Services at the University of Murcia (the publisher) retains the property rights (copyright) of published works, and encourages and enables the reuse of the same under the license specified in item 2.
2. The works are published in the electronic edition of the magazine under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial Share Alike 4.0.
3.Conditions of self-archiving. Authors are encouraged to disseminate pre-print (draft papers prior to being assessed) and/or post-print versions (those reviewed and accepted for publication) of their papers before publication, because it encourages distribution earlier and thus leads to a possible increase in citations and circulation among the academic community.
RoMEO color: green