Early Modern Medicine in Manuscript and Print

A Triangulation Approach to Analysing Spelling Standardisation

Authors

  • Jukka Tyrkkö Linnaeus University
DOI: https://doi.org/10.6018/ijes.421911
Keywords: Printing, Manuscript, Spelling, Standardisation, Early Modern, Statistics

Abstract

The standardisation process of English spelling largely came to its conclusion during the Early Modern period. While the progress of standardisation has been studied in both printed and manuscript texts, few studies have looked at these processes side by side, especially focusing on the same genre of writing and by using corpora that are sufficiently large for quantitative comparison. Using two Early Modern medical corpora, one based on manuscripts and the other on printed sources, this paper compares the trajectories of spelling standardisation in the two textual domains and shows that while spelling standardisation progressed in an almost linear fashion in printed texts, the manuscripts reveal a much more varied and shallow cline toward standardisation.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Baron, A. (2011). Dealing with Spelling Variation in Early Modern English Texts. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Lancaster University, United Kingdom.

Baron, A., Rayson, P. & Archer, D. (2011). Innovators of Early Modern English spelling change: Using DICER to investigate spelling variation trends. Paper presented at the Helsinki Corpus Festival. University of Helsinki, Finland, September–October, 28–2.

Bland, M. (2010). A Guide to Early Printed Books and Manuscripts. London: Wiley-Blackwell.

Boffey, J. (2012). Manuscripts and Print in London c. 1475–1530. London: The British Library.

Brown, R. D. (2013). Selecting and weighting n-grams to identify 1100 languages. In I. Habernal & V.

Matoušek (Eds.), Text, Speech, and Dialogue: 16th International Conference, TSD 2013. Pilsen, Czech Republic, September 2013. Proceedings (pp. 475–483). Berlin: Springer Verlag.

Calle-Martín, J., Moreno-Olalla, D., Esteban-Segura, L., Marqués-Aguado, T., Romero-Barranco, J., Thaisen, J. & Rutkowska, H. (2016–). The Málaga Corpus of Early Modern English Scientific Prose. Málaga: University of Málaga. Available from https://modernmss.uma.es

Doval, S. (1996). The English spelling reform in the light of the works of Richard Mulcaster and John Hart. Sederi, 7, 115–126.

Eisenstein, E. L. (1979). The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Communications and Cultural Transformations in Early-Modern Europe. Volumes I and II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Grafton, A. (2012). The Culture of Correction in Renaissance Europe. London: The British Library.

Hämäläinen, M., Säily, T., Rueter, J., Tiedemann, J. & Mäkelä, E. (2018). Normalizing early English letters to Present-day English spelling. In B. Alex, S. Degaetano-Ortlieb, A. Feldman, A. Kazantseva, N. Reiter & S. Szpakowicz (Eds.), Proceedings of the Second Joint SIGHUM Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature (pp. 87–96). Stroudsburg, PA: ACL.

Heikkilä, T. & Roos, T. (2018). Quantitative methods for the analysis of medieval calendars. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, 33(4), 766–787.

Hill, W. (2016). Typography and the printed English text. In V. Cook & D. Ryan (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System (pp. 431–452). Abingdon: Routledge.

Hiltunen, T. & Tyrkkö, J. (2009). Frequency of nominalization in Early Modern English medical writing. In A. Jucker, M. Hundt & D. Schreier (Eds.), Corpora: Pragmatics and Discourse. Papers from the 29th International Conference on English Language Research on Computerized Corpora (pp. 293–316). Amsterdam: Rodopi.

Honkapohja, A. (2018). “Latin in Recipes?” A corpus approach to scribal abbreviations in 15th-century medical manuscripts. In P. Pahta, J. Skaffari & L. Wright (Eds.), Multilingual Practices in Language History: English and Beyond (pp. 243–271). Berlin: De Gruyter.

Honkapohja, A. & Liira, A. (2020). Abbreviations and standardisation in the Polychronicon: Latin to English, and manuscript to print. In L. Wright (Ed.), The Multilingual Origins of Standard English (pp. 269-316). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Hotchkiss, V. & Robinson, F. C. (2008). English in Print from Caxton to Shakespeare to Milton. Urbana, IL & Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press.

Howard-Hill, T. H. (2006). Early modern printers and the standardization of English spelling. The Modern Language Review, 101(1), 16–29.

Kestemont, M. (2015). A computational analysis of the scribal profiles in two of the oldest manuscripts of Hadewijch’s letters. Scriptorium, 69(2), 159–177.

Lehto A., Baron, A. & Rayson, P. (2010). Improving the precision of corpus methods: The standardized version of Early Modern English Medical Texts. In I. Taavitsainen & P. Pahta (Eds.), Early Modern English Medical Texts: Corpus Description and Studies (pp. 279–290). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Marotti, A. F. (1995). Manuscript, Print, and the English Renaissance Lyric. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Maruca, L. (2003). Bodies of Type: The work of textual production in English printers’ manuals. Eighteenth-century Studies, 36(3), 321–343.

McConchie, R. W. (1997). Lexicography and Physicke: The Record of Sixteenth-century English Medical Terminology. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

McKee, G. T., Richards, B. & Malvern, D. (2000). Measuring vocabulary diversity using sedicated software. Literary and Linguistic Computing, 15(3), 323–337.

McKerrow, R. B. (1967). An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Moessner, L. (2017). Standardization. In A. Bergs & L. J. Brinton (Eds.), The History of English. Volume 4: Early Modern English (pp. 167–187). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Moxon, J. (1683). Mechanick Exercises. London: Printed for Joseph Moxon on the west-side of Fleet- ditch.

Neumann, J. H. (1944). Jonathan Swift and English spelling. Studies in Philology, 41(1), 79–85.

Nevalainen, T. (2012). English: Variable focusing in English spelling between 1400 and 1600. In S. Baddeley & A. Voeste (Eds.), Orthographies in Early Modern Europe (pp. 127–165). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Nevalainen, T. & Tieken-Boon van Ostade, I. (2006). Standardisation. In R. Hogg & D. Denison (Eds.), A History of the English Language (pp. 271–311). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Norri, J. (2016). Dictionary of Medical Vocabulary in English, 1375–1550: Body Parts, Sicknesses, Instruments, and Medicinal Preparations. London: Routledge.

Osselton, N. (1984). Informal spelling styles in Early Modern English: 1500–1800. In N. F. Blake & C. Jones (Eds.), English Historical Linguistics. Studies in Development (pp. 123–137). Sheffield: Department of English Language, University of Sheffield.

Pahta, P. (2011). Code-switching in Early Modern English medical writing. In I. Taavitsainen & P. Pahta (Eds.), Medical Writing in Early Modern English (pp. 115–134). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Pahta, P., Hiltunen, T., Marttila, V., Ratia, M., Suhr, C. & Tyrkkö, J. (2011). Communicating Galen’s Methodus medendi in Middle and Early Modern English. In P. Pahta &. A. H. Jucker (Eds.), Communicating Early English Manuscripts. Studies in English Language (pp. 178–196). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Pettersson, E., Megyesi, B. & Nivre, J. (2013). Normalisation of historical text using context-sensitive weighted Levenshtein distance and compound splitting. In Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics (NODALIDA 2013) (Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings no 85) (pp. 163–179). Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press.

Romero-Barranco, J. (2017). Early Modern English Scientific Text Types: Edition and Assessment of Linguistic Complexity of the Texts in MS Hunter 135 (ff. 34r–121v). Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Málaga, Spain.

Rutkowska, H. (2013). Towards regularisation: Morphological spelling in several editions of the Kalender of Shepherdes. Studia Anglica Posnaniensia, 48(1), 7–28.

Rutkowska, H. (2016). Orthographic regularization in Early Modern English printed books: Grapheme distribution and vowel length indication. In C. Russi (Ed.), Current Trends in Historical Sociolinguistics (pp. 165–193). Berlin: De Gruyter Open.

Rutkowska, H. (2017). Orthography. In L. J. Brinton & A. Bergs (Eds.), Historical Outlines from Sound to Text (pp. 200–217). Berlin: De Gruyter.

Säily, T. (2014). Sociolinguistic Variation in English Derivational Productivity: Studies and Methods in Diachronic Corpus Linguistics. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique de Helsinki.

Sairio, A., Kaislaniemi, S., Merikallio, A. & Nevalainen, T. (2018). Charting orthographical reliability in a corpus of English historical letters. ICAME Journal, 42, 79–96.

Scholfield, P. (2016). Modernization and standardisation since the seventeenth century. In V. Cook & D. Ryan (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System (pp. 143–165). London: Routledge.

Scragg, D. G. (1974). A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Sönmez, M. J.-M. (1993). English Spelling in the Seventeenth Century: A Study of the Nature of Standardisation as Seen through the MS and Printed Versions of the Duke of Newcastle’s ‘A New Method…’. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Durham, United Kingdom.

Stenroos, M. & Smith, J. (2016). Changing functions: English spelling before 1600. In V. Cook & D. Ryan (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System (pp. 125–142). London: Routledge.

Taavitsainen, I. (2000). Scientific language and spelling standardization 1375–1550. In L. Wright (Ed.), The Development of Standard English, 1300–1800: Theories, Descriptions, Conflicts (pp. 131– 154). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Taavitsainen, I., Murray Jones, P., Pahta, P., Hiltunen, T., Marttila, V., Ratia, M., Suhr, C. & Tyrkkö, J. (2011). Medical texts in 1500–1700 and the corpus of Early Modern English Medical Texts. In I. Taavitsainen & P. Pahta (Eds.), Medical Writing in Early Modern English (pp. 9–29). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Taavitsainen, I., Pahta, P., Hiltunen, T., Mäkinen, M., Marttila, V., Ratia, M., Suhr, C. & Tyrkkö, J., (Comps.). (2010). Early Modern English Medical Texts (CD-ROM). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Tieken-Boon van Ostade, I. (1998). Standardisation of English spelling: The eighteenth-century printers’ contribution. In J. Fisiak & M. Krygier (Eds.), Advances in English Historical Linguistics (1996) (pp. 457–470). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Tyrkkö, J. (2011). ‘Halles Lanfranke’ and its most excellent and learned expositive table. In O. Timofeeva & T. Säily (Eds.), Words in Dictionaries and History: Essays in Honour of R. W. McConchie (pp. 17–39). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Tyrkkö, J. (2013). Printing houses as communities of practice: Orthography in early modern medical books. In J. Kopaczyk & A. H. Jucker (Eds.), Communities of Practice in the History of English (pp. 151–176). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Tyrkkö, J., Hickey, R. & Marttila, V. (2010). Exploring Early Modern English medical texts: Manual to EMEMT presenter. In I. Taavitsainen & P. Pahta (Eds.), Early Modern English Medical Texts: Corpus Description and Studies (pp. 221–279). Amsterdam & Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.

Published
19-10-2020
How to Cite
Tyrkkö, J. (2020). Early Modern Medicine in Manuscript and Print: A Triangulation Approach to Analysing Spelling Standardisation. International Journal of English Studies, 20(2), 67–93. https://doi.org/10.6018/ijes.421911